Creativity And Innovation In The Workplace Commerce Essay

Creativity And Innovation In The Workplace Commerce Essay So in this context, what is creativity and what is innovation? Often they are not distinguished. They are simply seen as part of the process by which knowledge is developed and transformed into business value. This is a perfectly acceptable definition, but again like the failure to differentiate between information and knowledge it is not very useful for the purpose of discussing the subject area.. . It is important to distinguish between creativity and innovation because the processes are different, the risks are different, the starting points are different, and the climates needed for achievement are different, and there are consequences of these differences. To support this argument, the author has divided this essay into three main parts. First of all creativity and innovation is defined according to different researchers. Then the some basic differences between them is discussed. At the end, the author has described process of creativity and innovation to support his arguments. Creative thinking, creativity and innovation are separate and distinct things. Creative thinking is a process that can be taught, creativity is a phenomenon about which can be taught, and innovation is more than creativity. Creativity is the production of novel and useful ideas in any domain whereas the innovation is the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization.(stein 1974, woodman, sawyer and griffen 1993). West and Farr (1990) consider creativity as the ideation component of innovation and innovation as encompassing both the proposal and applications of the new ideas (p. 10). In this view, creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the second. Amabile and shermaine montefalco et al. (1996) Creativity is the production of novel and useful ideas in any domain whereas the innovation is the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization.(stein 1974, woodman, sawyer and griffen 1993). West and Farr (1990) consider creativity as the ideation component of innovation and innovation as encompassing both the proposal and applications of the new ideas (p. 10). .Successful innovation does not only depends upon the idea coming from inside the organization but can also comes from outside the organization. Many researchers have argue that the innovation is not a linear process (Drazin and Schoonhoven, 1996; van de ven, 1986; Scgroeder et al 1986; Van de ven at al 1999) it may be conceived of as cyclical with periods of innovation initiation, implementation, adaptation and stabilization. Creativity is likely to be most evident in first stage of innovation. (iainchalmers  , 2007) from Human Motivation, 3rd ed., by Robert E. Franken: Creativity is defined as the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves and others. (page 396) Three reasons why people are motivated to be creative: need for novel, varied, and complex stimulation need to communicate ideas and values need to solve problems (page 396) Creativity is any act, idea, or product that changes an existing domain, or that transforms an existing domain into a new oneWhat counts is whether the novelty he or she produces is accepted for inclusion in the domain. Creativity is the ability to produce work that is both nove,(i.e, original, unexpected) abd appropriate(i.e, useful, adaptive concerning task constrains)(lubart, 1994: Ochse 1990; Sternberg 1988; Sternberg and lubart 1991, 1995, 1996) Components of creativity: Expertise encompasses everything that a person knows and can do in the broad domain of his or her work. Creative thinking, as noted above, refers to how people approaches problems and solutions- their capacity to put existing ideas together in new combinations. The skill itself depends quite a bit on personality and as well as on how a person thinks and works. Expertise and creative thinking are a individuals raw materials- his or her natural resources, if you will. But a third factor- motivation- determines what peoples will actually do. If an individual have outstanding educational credentials and a great facility in generating new prospective to do a particular job, but if he lacks the motivation to do that job, he will not do that; his expertise and creative thinking will not give him any advantage. People will be more creative when they feel motivated primarily by the interest, satisfaction, and challenge of the work itself- and not by external pressures. There also exists the enormous graveyard of innovations that have never been adopted and not necessarily because they are the results of repetitive, foolish, or simply reproductive processes(Paolo Legrenzi, Creativity and Innovation, http://www.iuav.it/Ricerca1/Dipartimen/dADI/Working-Pa/wp_2007_02.pdf) I believe that there is a difference between creativity and innovation and agree with Robinson and Sterns explanation:10 †¢ Creativity the results of creativity in companies are improvements or changes to what is already done. †¢ Innovation the results of innovation in companies are entirely new activities for the company The key words, improvements and new, help define the difference in these terms. However, creative thinking is part of the innovation process. Another way of explaining this comes from the late management consultant, Richard Byrd, who defined innovation as creativity times risktaking. Japan railway east is the largest rail carrier in the world. When they decided to construct a new bullet-train line through the mountains north of Tokyo, they never anticipated that this would open the doors of a new business horizon for them- the beverages. JR east have to construct many tunnels, and water causes problem there. The JR plans to drain this water away. But the crew inside the tunnel found a new solution of this problem; they were using to drink that. One of the workers liked it taste so much that he give suggestion to the JR to bottle this water and sale as premium mineral water instead of draining that into runoffs. His idea was implemented and soon the water was marketed with the brand name of OSHIMIZU. Within a short period of time it become so popular that JR plants vending machines at most of its platforms and establish a subsidiary company who only deals with this water. This idea turns so profitable that in 1994, sales of Oshimizu beverages were $ 47 million and its also started to sell juices as well as iced and hot teas and coffees.( Corporate creativity: how innovation and improvement actually happen   By Alan G. Robinson, Sam Stern) Most researchers and managers recognize that creativity at the individual level represents only part of the challenge. Organizations must create environments that allow and encourage employees to engage in creativity. Most organizations have developed layers of rules, procedures and bureaucratic processes that stifle creativity (MacKenzie, 1998).To be creative, the management has to tolerate the mistakes and accept the degree of risk involved with this. It also requires the long term commitment of time and resources whereas; the risk of failure is also there to be considered (Yukl, 2006). Creativity is the long term investment of any organization, which cant be start or stop any time. Firms commonly encourage employees to use their creativity and judgment through empowerment (Gandz and Bird, 1996). Hence, the management culture of an organization is the major factor which initiates the creativity in an organization. On the other hand, much lower degree of risk is involved in the innovation. In innovation the success is ascertain, so the process can be terminated at any desired stage. Innovation does not require a long term commitment of time and resources. Innovation is more likely to occur in groups where there is support for innovation, and where innovation attempts are rewarded rather than punished (Amabile, 1983; Kanter, 1983) In modern age, creativity is considered as a science which can be learnt. Several universities offer courses and degrees in the field of creativity and creative problem solving where as there are only a few offer coerces in the field of innovation. For organizations it is easy to train their employees more creative and effective in their work. On the other hand, innovation is much more informal field. No specific body of knowledge serve a basic of teaching and learning for innovation. Most of innovative techniques are derived from the basics of creativity. Conclusion: Chances are that the very successful leaders of the future will be more likely to make creativity and innovation a strategic priority in their organizations if they better understand the reality of what they really are rather than an unsubstantiated myth. How they are different. Why they are both needed, and how to make them both happen in the right way at the right time in the business cycle. Referances: (iainchalmers  , 2007) Creativity vs Innovation the ugly truth, http://blogs.holstgroup.co.uk/greenhat_thinking/2008/03/07/creativity-vs-innovation-the-ugly-truth/ The innovation process may be divided into three areas: the fuzzy front end (FFE), the new product development (NPD) process, and commercialization, as indicated in Figure 1-1.1 The first part-the FFE-is generally regarded as one of the greatest opportunities for improvement of the overall innovation process.2 Many companies have dramatically improved cycle time and efficiency by implementing a formal Stage-GateTM (Cooper 1993) or PACE_ (McGrath and Akiyama 1996) approach for managing projects in the NPD portion of the innovation process. Attention is increasingly being focused on the front-end activities that precede this formal and structured process in order to increase the value, amount, and success probability of high-profit concepts entering product development and commercialization. The comparison was complicated because there was a lack of common terms and definitions for key elements of the FFE. Without a common language and vocabulary, the ability to create new knowledge and make distinctions between different parts of the process may be impossible (Krough, Ichijo, and Nonaka 2000). Knowledge transfer is ineffective or unlikely if both parties mean different things, even when they are using the same terms. These insights led us to believe that we could improve understanding of the FFE by describing it using terms that mean the same thing to everyone. The front end of innovation, or what us often called fuzzy front end , presents one of the greatest opportunities for improving the overall innovation process. New concept development model: The NCD model, shown in figure below, compromises of three key elements: The inner area defines the five key elements compriseing the front end of innovation The engine or Bulls Eye portion which drives the five front-end ekements and is fuelled by the leadership and culture of the organisation. The influencing factors, or environment on the periphery . consists of organizational capabilities, business strategy, the outside world(i.e., distribution channels, customers and competitors), and the enabling science that will be utalized. FIVE FRONT END ELEMEENTS: OPPORTUNITY IDENTIFICATION. This is where the organization, by design or default, identifies the opportunities that the companu might want to pursue. Business and technological opportunities are explicitly considered so that resources will eventuallu be allocated to new areas of market growth and/pr operating effectiveness and efficienscy. This element is tupiucally driven by the goals of the business. The opportunity might be a totally new direction for the business or a minor upgrade to an existing project. 2. opportunity analysis: Additional information is needed for translating opportunity identification into specific business and technology opportunities and making early and other uncertain technology and marlet assessment. Extensive effoert may be committed for focus groups, maeket studies and sceientificn expertise. However, the amount of effort expended is dependent upon the attractiveness of the opportunit. 3. idea genesis: Genesis is the development and materation of the opportunity into a concrete idea. This represents an evolutionary process in which ideas are built upon, torn down, combined , reshaped, modified,and updated. Ideas may be generated by anyone with a passion for a particular idea, problem, need, or situation. Ideas may be generated or enriched by others through the efforts of a key individual or champion (Markham 1998; Markham and Griffin 1998). Idea selection: In most businesses there a re so many products/process ideas that the critical activity is to choose which idea to pursue in order to achieve the most business value. Selection may be as simple as an individials choice amoung many self generated options or as formalized as a prescribed portfolio method. More formalized project selection and resource allocation in the FEI is difficult die to limited information and understanding at this point. Concept and technology development: The final element of the model involves the development of a business case based on estimates of market potential, customer needs, investment requirements, competitor assessments, technology unknowns, and overall project risk. The environment: The FFE exists in an environment of influencing factors. The factors are the corporations organizational capabilities, customer and competitor influences, the outside worlds influences, and the depth and strength of enabling sciences and technologyThe outside world, government policy, environmental regulations, laws concerning patents, and socioeconomic trends all affect the FFE as well as the new product development or Stage-GateTM part of the innovation process. Some of these factors are indicated in Porters five force model (1987). THE ENGINE (LEADERSHIP, CULTURE, AND BUSINESS STRATEGY) The element of leadership, culture, and business strategy sets the environment for successful innovation. Proficiency in this element distinguishes highly innovative companies from less innovative ones (Koen et al. 2001). Continuous senior management support for innovation has been shown in numerous studies to be critical to new product development success (Cooper and Kleinschmidt 1995; Song and Parry 1996; Swink 2000). Culture in the FFE fundamentally differs from that in the NPD and operations parts of the organization (Buckler 1997).

The Nervous System

Chapter 35 Nervous System MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The basic types of tissue in the human body are a. |cell, organ, and organ system. | b. |sight, smell, and hearing. | c. |thyroid, trachea, adenoid, and bronchus. | d. |muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial. | ANS:DDIF:AREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. Which system regulates and controls growth, development, and metabolism? a. |endocrine system|c. |integumentary system| b. |lymphatic system|d. |skeletal system| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 893OBJ:35. 1. 1 STO:12. A. 4. b 3. The levels of organization in the body include a. |endocrine, respiratory, digestive, and nervous. b. |cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. | c. |cells, tissues, and functions. | d. |lymphatic, respiratory, and circulatory. | ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 4. How many organ systems make up the human body? a. |4|c. |8| b. |5|d. |11| ANS:DDIF:BREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 5. A group of similar cells that perform a single function is called a(an) a. |nerve. |c. |tissue. | b. |organ. |d. |organ system. | ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 6. Which type of tissue lines your internal organs? a. |epithelial|c. |nerve| b. |connective|d. |muscle| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 7.Which type of tissue enables a person’s fingers to move as he or she plays the piano? a. |epithelial|c. |nerve| b. |connective|d. |muscle| ANS:DDIF:EREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 8. Which type of tissue provides support for the body? a. |epithelial|c. |nerve| b. |connective|d. |muscle| ANS:BDIF:BREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 9. The process by which organ systems maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called a. |circulation. |c. |homeostasis. | b. |organization. |d. |teamwork. | ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 10. Which process enables the body to maintain a stable temperature? a. |heating|c. |feedback inhibition| b. |circulation|d. cellular activity| ANS:CDIF:AREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 11. The level of chemicals in the body that speed up cellular activity is regulated by a. |action potent ial. |c. |the sympathetic nervous system. | b. |feedback inhibition. |d. |the parasympathetic nervous system. | ANS:BDIF:EREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 12. Which system coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment? a. |lymphatic system|c. |excretory system| b. |nervous system|d. |reproductive system| ANS:BDIF:BREF:p. 892, p. 897 OBJ:35. 2. 1STO:12. A. 4. b 13. Neurons are classified by the a. |direction in which they carry impulses. b. |amount of metabolic activity that takes place. | c. |number of dendrites that branch out. | d. |number of impulses that they carry. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 14. What is the smallest structural and functional unit of the nervous system? a. |nerve|c. |organ| b. |neuron|d. |tissue| ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 15. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment? a. |a threshold|c. |an impulse| b. |an action potential|d. |a dendrite| ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 899OBJ:35. 2. 2 16. What is the function of neurotransmitters? a. |to transmit nerve impulses through dendrites| b. to stimulate the production of epinephrine| c. |to transmit nerve impulses across synapses| d. |none of the above| ANS:CDIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 17. For a neuron to reach an action potential, it must a. |release electrons. | b. |absorb calcium. | c. |reverse the electrical charge across the cell membrane. | d. |take in sodium ions. | ANS:CDIF:EREF:p. 899OBJ:35. 2. 2 Figure 35–1 18. Refer to Figure 35–1. The cell body of a neuron collects information from which structure? a. |A|c. |C| b. |B|d. |E| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 897, p. 898 OBJ:35. 2. 2 19. When an impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of a. neurotransmitters. |c. |dendrites. | b. |sodium ions. |d. |receptors. | ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 20. What is the function of the central nervous system? a. |to relay messages|c. |to analyze information| b. |to process information|d. |all of the above| A NS:DDIF:BREF:p. 901OBJ:35. 3. 1 21. Which of the following is a function of the cerebrum? a. |controls conscious activities of the body| b. |controls heart rate| c. |controls blood pressure| d. |controls breathing| ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 22. The region of the brain that recognizes hunger is the a. |brain stem. |c. |hypothalamus. | b. |medulla oblongata. |d. |thalamus. ANS:CDIF:AREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 23. The ability to move your right hand is controlled by the a. |left hemisphere of the cerebrum. | b. |right hemisphere of the cerebrum. | c. |both the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. | d. |neither hemisphere of the cerebrum. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 24. A student’s ability to think about a question and answer it correctly is directly controlled by the a. |brain stem. |c. |medulla. | b. |cerebellum. |d. |cerebrum. | ANS:DDIF:EREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 25. Which division(s) of the peripheral nervous system transmit(s) impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system? . |sensory division|c. |sensory and motor divisions| b. |motor division|d. |spinal cord division| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 26. Which division of the nervous system controls the ability to dance? a. |somatic|c. |central| b. |autonomic|d. |brain| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 27. The division of the nervous system that helps the body react to pain is the a. |somatic nervous system. |c. |autonomic nervous system. | b. |sensory nervous system. |d. |sympathetic nervous system. | ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 904OBJ:35. 3. 2 28. Sense organs are part of the a. |peripheral nervous system. |c. |autonomic nervous system. | . |central nervous system. |d. |parasympathetic nervous system. | ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 29. What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? a. |brain and spinal cord|c. |somatic and autonomic| b. |thalamus and hypothalamus|d. |sensory and motor| ANS:DDIF:BREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 30. Which of the following general categories of sensory receptors are located everywhere in the body except the brain? a. |thermoreceptors|c. |photoreceptors| b. |mechanoreceptors|d. |pain receptors| ANS:DDIF:AREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 31. Which general category of sensory receptors detects variations in temperature? . |thermoreceptors|c. |photoreceptors| b. |mechanoreceptors|d. |pain receptors| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 32. Sensory receptors that are sensitive to chemicals are found in the a. |skin, body core, and hypothalamus. |c. |eyes. | b. |skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears. |d. |nose and taste buds. | ANS:DDIF:EREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 33. Which of the five senses contains two types of photoreceptors called rods and cones? a. |vision|c. |smell| b. |hearing|d. |taste| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 34. In which of the following structures might an infection cause dizziness? a. |semicircular canals|c. |eardrum| . |oval window|d. |cochlea| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 2 Figure 35–2 35. Which labeled structure in Figure 35–2 creates pressure waves in the cochlea? a. |structure A|c. |structure C| b. |structure B|d. |structure D| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 2 36. In Figure 35–2, which labeled structure sends impulses to the brain that enable it to determine body motion and position? a. |structure A|c. |structure C| b. |structure B|d. |structure D| ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 908, p. 909 OBJ:35. 4. 2 37. Which sense relies on the largest sense organ in the body? a. |touch|c. |smell| b. |hearing|d. |taste| ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 09OBJ:35. 4. 2 38. If you did not like the flavor of a certain oral liquid medicine, you could hide much of its taste by a. |closing your eyes. |c. |holding your nose. | b. |covering your ears. |d. |folding your hands together. | ANS:CDIF:EREF:p. 909OBJ:35. 4. 2 39. Drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate are called a. |stimulants. |c. |opiates. | b. |depressants. |d. |alcohol. | ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 910OBJ:35. 5. 1 40. What types of drugs slow down the activity of the central nervous system? a. |stimulants|c. |opiates| b. |depressants|d. |cocaine| ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 41.Uncontrollable pain and sickness occur because the body cannot produce enough endorphins when a drug user attempts to stop using a. |opiates. |c. |crack. | b. |cocaine. |d. |marijuana. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 42. The most widely abused legal drug is a. |marijuana. |c. |amphetamines. | b. |tranquilizers. |d. |alcohol. | ANS:DDIF:BREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 43. What system does alcohol immediately affect? a. |digestive|c. |nervous| b. |circulatory|d. |endocrine| ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 44. Alcohol does each of the following EXCEPT a. |slow reflexes. |c. |impair judgment. | b. |stimulate heart rate. |d. disrupt coordination. | ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 45. One third of all homicides can be attributed to the effects of a. |alcohol. |c. |crack. | b. |cocaine. |d. |opiates. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 MODIFIED TRUE/FAL SE 1. There are four levels of organization in the human body: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:AREF:p. 891 OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. A group of similar cells that perform a single function is called a(an) organ. _________________________ ANS:F, tissue DIF:BREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 3. The hypothalamus is to your body as the thermostat is to the internal environment of a house. ________________________ ANS:TDIF:EREF:p. 896 OBJ:35. 1. 2 4. Spreading out from the cell body of a neuron are short, branched extensions called axons. _________________________ ANS:F, dendrites DIF:BREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 1 5. The propagation of an action potential is slower in myelinated axons than in axons that lack a myelin sheath. _________________________ ANS:F, faster DIF:EREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 2 6. The largest and most prominent region of the human brain that is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body is the cerebellum. _________________________ ANS:F, cerebrumDIF:BREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 7. The brain and spinal cord can withstand considerable trauma due to the meninges acting as a shock absorber. ______________________________ ANS:F, cerebrospinal fluid DIF:AREF:p. 901OBJ:35. 3. 1 8. If you accidentally step on a tack with your bare foot, the pathway that the nerve impulse takes from your foot to your leg is called a reflex arc. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:BREF:p. 904 OBJ:35. 3. 2 9. The autonomic nervous system is part of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:AREF:p. 904 OBJ:35. 3. 2 10.Chemoreceptors are associated with the sense of smell and touch. _________________________ ANS:F, taste DIF:AREF:p. 909OBJ:35. 4. 1 11. Rods respond to light of different colors, producing color vision. ____________________ ANS:F, Cones DIF:EREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 12. A person with a relatively small number of cones in the retinas may have trouble distinguishing colors. _____________ ____________ ANS:TDIF:EREF:p. 907 OBJ:35. 4. 2 13. The cochlea and the two tiny sacs located behind it help the body maintain its equilibrium. ______________________________ ANS:F, semicircular canals DIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 2 14.Addiction can be defined as intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes. _________________________ ANS:F, Drug abuse DIF:AREF:p. 914OBJ:35. 5. 1 15. About 40 percent of the fatal accidents that occur on Americans highways involve the drug alcohol. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:BREF:p. 912 OBJ:35. 5. 2 COMPLETION 1. Your skin, hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands make up your _________________________ system. ANS:integumentary DIF:EREF:p. 892OBJ:35. 1. 1STO:12. A. 4. b 2. Neurons are classified into three types according to the ____________________ the impulse travels. ANS:direction DIF:AREF:p. 97OBJ:35. 2. 1 3. The process by which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus is called ____________________ inhibition. ANS:feedback DIF:BREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 4. ____________________ is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. ANS:Homeostasis DIF:AREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 5. In most animals, axons and dendrites are clustered into bundles of fibers called ____________________. ANS:nerves DIF:AREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 1 6. Sensory neurons and motor neurons are connected by ____________________, which carry impulses between them. ANS:interneuronsDIF:BREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 7. The myelin sheath that surrounds a single long axon leaves many gaps, called ____________________, where the axon membrane is exposed. ANS:nodes DIF:AREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 1 8. The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron is its resting ____________________. ANS:potential DIF:AREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 2 9. The two major divisions of the human nervous system are the central and the ____________________ nervous systems. ANS:peripheral DIF:BREF:p. 901OBJ:35. 3. 1 Fig ure 35–3 10. The process illustrated in Figure 35–3 is called a(an) ____________________.ANS:reflex arc DIF:EREF:p. 904OBJ:35. 3. 2 11. The turning of your head is controlled by the ____________________ nervous system, which is part of the peripheral nervous system’s motor division. ANS:somatic DIF:EREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 12. Sensory receptors called _________________________ are found in the skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears and are sensitive to touch, pressure, stretching of muscles, sound, and motion. ANS:mechanoreceptors DIF:BREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 13. Small muscles attached to the ____________________ of your eye change its shape to help you focus on near or distant objects.ANS:lens DIF:EREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 14. The class of drugs called ____________________ mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain. ANS:opiates DIF:EREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 15. Cirrhosis of the liver is a possible resu lt of the long-term use of ____________________. ANS:alcohol DIF:BREF:p. 913OBJ:35. 5. 2STO:11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare and contrast tissues and organs. ANS: A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a single function. An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a complex function.DIF:AREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. What is homeostasis? ANS: Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments. DIF:BREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 3. How can the nervous system help a person run without falling? Explain. ANS: Balance is necessary for running. Portions of the nervous system, along with the sense organs, can interpret a person’s balance and make minor corrections to make sure the person will not fall. DIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 1 4. Distinguish between the functions of dendrites and axons.ANS: Dendrites and axons are parts of a neuron. Dendrites carry impulses from the e nvironment or from other neurons toward the cell body. Axons carry impulses away from the cell body. DIF:BREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 2 5. At what location does a neuron transfer an impulse to another cell? ANS: the synapse DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 Figure 35–1 6. Identify the structure and its labeled parts illustrated in Figure 35–1. ANS: neuron; (A) dendrite; (B) cell body; (C) axon; (D) myelin sheath; (E) nucleus DIF:EREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 2 7. What are the major regions of the brain? ANS:The major regions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. DIF:BREF:p. 901, p. 902, p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 8. How is the spinal cord like a major telephone line? ANS: The spinal cord is the main communications link between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting information, just as a telephone line carries many calls at once. DIF:AREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 9. Why is a severe injury to the brain stem usually fatal? ANS: The bra in stem controls some of the body’s most important functions, including breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing.These involuntary processes are essential to life, so the disruption of any of these processes can cause death. DIF:EREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 10. What is a motor neuron? ANS: A motor neuron carries impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands. DIF:EREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 11. How is a pain in your toe perceived by sensory receptors? Why is it important for your body to sense this pain? ANS: Pain receptors respond to chemicals released by the damaged cells in your toes, which may indicate danger, injury, or disease. DIF:EREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 12. Identify the five main senses. ANS:The five main senses are vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. DIF:BREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 2 13. Compare and contrast the functions of rods and cones. ANS: Both rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods are sensitive to light but do not distingu ish colors. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but cones respond to light of different colors. DIF:AREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 14. How do opiates help people overcome sensations of pain? ANS: Opiates mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain. DIF:BREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 15.What are the cause and effect of fetal alcohol syndrome? ANS: Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by consuming alcohol while pregnant. The effect of this syndrome is a range of birth defects in the baby, such as heart defect, malformed face, delayed growth, and poor motor development. DIF:AREF:p. 913OBJ:35. 5. 2STO:11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b OTHER USING SCIENCE SKILLS This diagram shows the structure of a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of a neighboring neuron. Figure 35–4 1. Applying Concepts In Figure 35–4, which structures release neurotransmitters? ANS: vesicles DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2. Interpreting Gr aphics In Figure 35–4, into what area do the neurotransmitters diffuse? ANS: synaptic cleft DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 3. Predicting Referring to Figure 35–4, predict the direction of the impulse. ANS: The impulse will travel from the axon to the dendrite of the adjacent neuron. DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 4. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–4, after the neurotransmitters are released from the cell surface, what happens to the neurotransmitters? ANS: The neurotransmitters may be broken down by enzymes, or taken up and recycled by the axon terminal. DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 5.Applying Concepts If the axon in Figure 35–4 is part of a motor neuron, to what cells are the impulses being passed? ANS: muscle cells and glands DIF:AREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 2 USING SCIENCE SKILLS Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a measure of the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream. The following graphs illustrate how many alcoholic drinks consumed in one hour result in different levels of BAC in individuals of different masses. In some states, an adult driving with a BAC of 0. 08% or higher is considered to be legally drunk. Figure 35–5 6. Using Tables and Graphs You have a mass of 45 kg and have had one drink.According to Figure 35–5, how long would it take for your BAC to drop to 0. 04% or lower? ANS: one hour DIF:EREF:p. 912, p. 913OBJ:35. 5. 2 STO:11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b 7. Using Tables and Graphs You are a 48-kg adult and have had four drinks in an hour. According to Figure 35–5, could you drive legally after three hours? ANS: no DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 8. Interpreting Graphics Based on Figure 35–5, how is the mass of an individual related to BAC levels? ANS: Individuals with more mass can consume more alcoholic drinks in the same period of time and have a lower BAC than individuals with less mass.DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 9. Interpreting Graphics A 40-kg person and a 50-kg person each drink 4 drinks in 4 h ours. Do they have the same BAC? ANS: No. The 40-kg person has a BAC of 0. 10% or higher, whereas the 50-kg person has a BAC of 0. 05% to 0. 09%. DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 10. Applying Concepts A 58-kg person has two cocktails just before dinner and a glass of wine with dinner 30 minutes later. According to Figure 35–5, how long would the individual be in the â€Å"Definitely illegal† category? ANS: one hour DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 USING SCIENCE SKILLS Figure 35–6 11.Interpreting Graphics What is the name of structure C in Figure 35–6? ANS: spinal cord DIF:BREF:p. 901, p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 12. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–6, which structure is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body? ANS: structure A, the cerebrum DIF:BREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 13. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–6, which structure is the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature? ANS: hypothalamus DIF:BREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 14. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 35–6, which structure is the cerebellum?ANS: structure B DIF:BREF:p. 901, p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 15. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–6, what two regions of the brain stem act as neural â€Å"switchboards,† regulating the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body? ANS: medulla oblongata and pons DIF:BREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 ESSAY 1. How are the cells of the human body similar to individuals in a society that work in groups to accomplish shared goals? ANS: Every cell in the human body is both an independent unit and an interdependent part of a larger community—the entire organism.Similarly, each individual in a society can survive independently, but it is also necessary to form interdependent groups to accomplish certain goals. DIF:EREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. Name six of the body’s systems and describe their functions. ANS: Answer sh ould include six of the following systems. The nervous system coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment. The integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation. The muscular system works with the skeletal system to provide voluntary movement and helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system. The circulatory system brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; and helps regulate body temperature. The respiratory system provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body.The digestive system converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body. The excretory system eliminates waste products from the body. The endocrine system controls growth, development, and metabolism. The reproductive system produces reproductive cells and, in the female, nurtures and protects the developing embryo. The lymphatic system helps protect the body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels, and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. DIF:EREF:p. 892, p. 893OBJ:35. 1. 1 STO:12. A. 4. b 3.Based on the process of feedback inhibition, explain how your body maintains a relatively constant temperature. ANS: The hypothalamus contains nerve cells that monitor both the temperature of your skin at the surface of the body and the temperature of organs in the body’s core. When these nerve cells sense that the body’s temperature is lower than normal, the hypothalamus produces chemicals that signal cells throughout the body to speed up their activities. Heat produced by this increase in cellular activity causes a gr adual rise in body temperature, which is detected by the nerve cells in the hypothalamus.This feedback inhibits the production of chemicals that speed up cellular activity and keeps body temperature from rising to a dangerous level. If your body temperature rises too far above normal, the hypothalamus slows down cellular activities, minimizing the production of heat. DIF:EREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 4. Compare resting potential and action potential in a neuron. ANS: The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron is the resting potential. Once an impulse begins, positive ions rush across the cell membrane, reversing the charge difference.The inside of the membrane gains a positive charge, and the outside of the membrane gains a negative charge. This rapid reversal of charges is called the action potential. As the impulse passes, the positively charged ions flow out of the cell, and the resting potential of the membrane is reestablished. DIF:AREF:p. 898, p . 899OBJ:35. 2. 2 5. What is the function of each of the main regions of the brain? ANS: The cerebrum controls voluntary activities, intelligence, learning, and judgment. The cerebellum controls coordination and balance.The brain stem controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing. The thalamus receives messages from the sense organs. The hypothalamus recognizes sensations of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. DIF:AREF:p. 902, p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 6. Compare the effects of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. ANS: The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system each release different neurotransmitters that have opposite effects on the same organ system, which helps the body maintain homeostasis.When the sympathetic system speeds up an activity, the parasympathetic system slows down the same activity. For example, heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous system, but decrease d by the parasympathetic nervous system. DIF:AREF:p. 904OBJ:35. 3. 2 7. What are the five general categories of sensory receptors? Where are they located in the body? ANS: The five general categories are pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. Pain receptors are throughout the body except in the brain.Thermoreceptors are located in the skin, body core, and hypothalamus. Mechanoreceptors are found in skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears. Chemoreceptors are found in the nose and taste buds. Photoreceptors are found in the eyes. DIF:AREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 8. How would you design an experiment to show that much of what people actually taste in food depends on their sense of smell? ANS: Students’ experiments may include having someone taste different types of foods that have specific tastes and smells, and then having the person taste them with his or her eyes shut and nose held closed.Students should determine if the person can id entify the food that he or she tasted without the use of sight and smell, and record observations and draw conclusions. DIF:EREF:p. 909OBJ:35. 4. 2 9. People who have to drive long distances sometimes take stimulants. How might this practice be dangerous? ANS: Stimulants increase the release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain, which then leads to a feeling of energy and well-being. However, when the effects of the stimulants wear off, the brain’s supply of neurotransmitters has been depleted.The user quickly falls into fatigue and depression, which can impair the person’s ability to drive and could lead to accidents. DIF:AREF:p. 910OBJ:35. 5. 1 10. In the Designated Driver Program, one person in a group agrees to be the driver and not to drink any alcohol. Why is this program important? ANS: By decreasing the number of drunk drivers on the road, you decrease your chances of being involved in such an accident. If more people were involved in the Designat ed Driver Program, fewer people would be in danger of being involved in a fatal accident. DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2

Planning of support for individuals Essay

Assess potential issues which could arise from the involvement of several professionals in the planning of support for individuals Care plans are set out and designed to understand a service user’s needs, preference and choices. You must always discuss how they important for empowering them. If you constantly give a service user no choice in what they would like they will stop trying and become independent they will no longer feel they have any worth or value in the care home, and their self-awareness and self-esteem will decrease meaning their self-concept is at a low. They could feel marginalised and pushed out of option. When caring for someone you must make them feel empowered and capable of still doing things on their own otherwise they will give up. There is core principles and values that are also set out to advices cares on how a person should be treated, for example being treated as an individual, this means every person has the right be treat the way they would like to and the norm of how a person should be cared for, example with respect and their dignity maintained. Taking away a patient preference and choice does not treat them as an individual. This limits them from opportunities and chances, which is not what a health and social care professional should or would do. They would try to encourage a person, make sure they do not feel independent or even alone, allow them to make their own decisions on certain things they are entitled too. Ethnic issues could be of a certain religion or someone with ethnical background of rules that means they can’t eat meat, or no blood transfusions etc. Staff members must understand what other possible approaches such as meals or other treatment can be put in place, so the staff should speak to the patient about options. All staff and patients should respect their diverse way of living, in a care plan you would have to include that this person had these circumstances so that anyone who will care for them knows about it, and could make sure the person was treat correctly throughout his life in care. Making sure different religious rules and attitudes are followed extremely carefully so they are not disturbed or feel unwelcome in their own care home. Staff who will care for the patient should always be understood and the care plan always should state his religion and issues which may always occur. For example Pauline is 35 and is in need of dialysis. She is refusing treatment because she is scared of the treatment which she believes is invasive. She has been counselled about the nature of the treatment –Â  there are no alternatives that would be of practical benefit. She is competent to make treatment decisions. She understands that if she refuses she will die. She has a daughter of 15 years who lives at home. The clinician feels very strongly that she should receive treatment but despite numerous attempts to persuade her she refuses. Many issues can arise from that case study. Another issue occurring would be if for example a woman’s religion meant she could not be seen by a male doctor then her lifestyle choice should and would have to be respected and a female member of staff would have to treat her, in replace of the male. This is her individual preference and choice being respected and taken into consideration.

A Stream of Consciousness in A Rose for Emily by William...

â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short story written by American author William Faulkner and centres around an old lady named Emily. The story is written in the classic Faulkner method of a streaming consciousness. By constructing the story through use of the stream of consciousness, Faulkner is able to manipulate the predetermined short story structure and create an outstanding, critically acclaimed story. In using the thematic concept of creating contrasts between two opposing entities, Faulkner is able to entice his audience. Through the use of the specific contrasts made between the past and present and the contrast between Homer and, Faulkner is able to pass to his readers the concept that man’s plight is tragic but that there is heroism in an attempt to rise above it. Ray B. 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