Illegal Forest Acticvities In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

Illicit Forest Acticvities In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay Malaysia is a tropical nation which comprises of three areas: Peninsular Malaysia and the two Borneo conditions of Sabah and Sarawak. As indicated by Forest Statistic Information for the Year 2009 from Official Website Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, the forested territory in Peninsular Malaysia is 5.89 million hectares from generally speaking Peninsular Malaysia Area which is 13.18 million hectares. McMorrow Talip (2001: 217, refering to Wood 1990) have brought up that, in view of its presentation up till the finish of the 1980s; Malaysia is one of the 14 significant nations with more than 250,000 hectares deforested every year. They included that by the late 1980s portion of the woodland zone in Peninsular Malaysia and a fifth in Borneo had gone. An assortment of elements add to this situation. At the point when deforestation and woods debasement became basic issues, moving development was singled out by the administrations, and especially by the Sarawak government, as the primary driver of timberland misfortune. However, it has since been set up that backwoods debasement because of moving cultivators is minor (Cramb 1989; Jomo et.al. 2004; Nicholas 2003). The significant reasons for the decrease in woodland zone and quality incorporate business logging, farming turn of events, dams and resettlement. To look profoundly into the matter of the job of power from land office and woodland office to forestall illicit occupation in the timberland, the creator will give a few definitions about backwoods, unlawful woodland exercises which incorporate illicit control of forestlands, illicit logging, and so forth. The laws, for example, National Land Code1965 and National Forestry Act 1984 that include illicit occupation in woodland must be characterized. Backwoods the executives or economical woodland the executives additionally must be characterized to discover diagram of timberland law requirement and framework checking in Malaysia. Since the respondents of study are specialists from land office and ranger service division, thus the capacities, jobs or obligations additionally should be characterized. 2.2 Definition 2.2.1 Forest As per Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, woodland is an enormous zone of land that is thickly secured with trees. While in Cambridge Advance Learners Dictionary, timberland is characterized as a huge territory of land secured with trees and plants, generally bigger than a wood, or the trees and plants themselves. Backwoods is a hazardous and half breed class. As characterized in FRA2000, it is a mix of a land-spread class and a land-use class: it relates not exclusively to the nearness of trees of over 5m and 10% shade spread, yet in addition to the nonattendance of other land uses, for example, farming. It incorporates regions regularly framing piece of the woods zone which are incidentally unstocked yet which are relied upon to return to woodland (FAO Forestry Department, 1998, p. 3). Further complexities originate from changes in least size of region included (0.5 ha in FRA2000, contrasted and 100 ha in FRA1990). Elastic manors were incorporated as estates in FRA2000 however not in FRA1990. And keeping in mind that a uniform definition was utilized in FRA2000, it has not gotten a worldwide norm: conversation proceeded from that point (FAO, 2002), and an alternate one has been concurred for covering the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC, 2002). Regardless of whether a solitary definition is concurred, as in FRA2000, issues remain and without a doubt may turn out to be significantly increasingly deceptive in light of the fact that they are more subtle. At the nation level, information are gathered by national definitions, and must be acclimated to the worldwide one Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 indicated that woods spread 31 percent of complete land region. The universes complete timberland region is a little more than 4 billion hectares, which compares to a normal of 0.6 ha per capita. The five most woods rich nations (the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China) represent the greater part of the all out woodland territory. Ten nations or territories have no backwoods at all and an extra 54 have woodland on under 10 percent of their all out land region. Ditty Yong (2006) uncovered that the official meaning of a backwoods utilized in Malaysia contrasts from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition, which avoids regions under rural yields (for example oil palm). In Malaysia, be that as it may, the zones under oil palm, elastic and tree crops are every now and again viewed as backwoods. The subject of the meaning of backwoods is especially critical in the Malaysian setting where the Malaysian woods are quickly vanishing and, then again, timberland ranches territories are growing. Malaysian Timber Council (2008) draws our consideration that in the year 2006, Malaysia has 32.95 million hectares of land region, of which 24.60 million hectares or 74.7 percent of all out land zone are delegated all out territory under tree spread. Of these, 18.5 million hectares are forested territory and 6.25 million hectares are other tree cops. Of the all out territory under tree spread, 8.96 million hectares (36.42 percent) are found in Sarawak, 11.23 million hectares (45.65 percent) are found in Peninsular Malaysia and 4.41 million hectares (17.93 percent) in Sabah. Sabah claims it has minimal region under tree spread. S. Mather (1990) in Zalinda Binti Muhammad (2003) and Norisah Binti Kasim (2006) expressed that woods is one range which has common components like result of the timberland, widely varied vegetation, and so forth. Region of all the woodland that has been distinguished at the center of decade 1980 is in excess of 4000 million hectare or 31 percent of surface of the earth. As per S.M. Mohd Idris who is the chief of Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM) or Friends of the Earth Malaysia (1987) in Norisah Binti Kasim (2006), he expressed that backwoods offer defensive jobs against ecological changes. The mind boggling pretended by timberland in the warmth and water equalization of the earth is unquestionable. At the nearby level, the backwoods spread breaks the effect of substantial rainstorms on the dirt, diminishes and hinders surface run off, and limits soil disintegration just as circumstance of the waste frameworks. Streak floods and delayed floods in numerous regions of the topical world are progressively owing to broad leeway of forested regions. 2.2.2 Unlawful Occupation As indicated by Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, the significance of occupation is the demonstration of living in or utilizing a structure, room, real estate parcel, and so on. In the mean time the significance of unlawful isn't permitted by the law or equivalent word with illicit. Along these lines unlawful occupation can be characterized as the demonstration of living in or utilizing a structure, room, real estate parcel, and so on which is illegal. 2.2.3 Illegal Forest Activities Unlawful timberland exercises is a wide term that incorporates illicit logging; it is utilized to allude to exercises more extensive than simply collecting, which is, transport, handling and exchange (Smith, 2002). Brack and Hayman (2001) likewise notice that illicit acts may likewise happen during transport, including unlawful preparing and fare, misdeclaration to customs, and evasion of duties and different monies. Unlawful woods exercises incorporate every illicit demonstration identified with woodland biological systems, backwoods ventures, and lumber and non-wood timberland items. They incorporate acts identified with the foundation of rights to the land and degenerate exercises used to secure woods concessions. Illicit acts incorporate unapproved control of open and private forestlands, signing in secured or naturally touchy regions, gathering ensured types of trees, forest illegal conflagration, untamed life poaching, unlawful vehicle of wood and other timberland items, sneaking, move estimating and other false bookkeeping rehearses, unapproved preparing of woodland items, infringement of ecological guidelines, and paying off government authorities (Contreras-Hermosilla 2002a) There are numerous kinds of illicit timberland rehearses like community workers may affirm unlawful agreements with private venture. Private business partnerships may gather trees of species that are shielded by law from wood misuse. People and networks may enter open woods and wrongfully take items that are open property. Criminal operations don't stop at the woods. They go down the line to tasks in transportation, handling and exchange of woodland items. People or organizations may carry woods items across worldwide fringes or procedure crude backwoods materials without a permit. Companies with solid universal connections may falsely swell the cost of imported data sources or collapse the volume and costs of their fares to lessen their expense risk and to encourage the unlawful exchange of capital abroad (FAO 2001). Contreras-Hermosilla presents instances of criminal operations in the ranger service area, gathered into six classes: illicit control of forestlands; unlawful logging; fire related crime; illicit wood exchange and transport, and lumber pirating; move evaluating and other illicit bookkeeping rehearses; and illicit timberland preparing that appeared in Table 1 underneath. Illicit control of forestlands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Invasion of open forested terrains by either country families, networks or private enterprises to change over them to farming or on the other hand steers farming à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Practice of slice and-consume farming on attacked lands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Landless workers wrongfully possessing forested territories to compel governments to concede land proprietorship rights to them and these legislatures purchasing lands from laborers. Unlawful logging à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Logging ensured species à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Duplication of felling licenses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Girdling or ring-yapping, to execute trees so they can be lawfully logged à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Contracting with neighborhood business people to purchase logs from secured territories à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Logging in ensured zones à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Logging outside concession limits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Logging in restricted zones, for example, steep slants, riverbanks and w

Intensity of Sound Research and Public Health

Question: 1) Identify and portray the six principle factors that decide the term and seriousness of commotion initiated hearing misfortune. 2) Identify and depict three physiologic non-sound-related impacts of commotion. 3) Identify and characterize three eye issue and examine how each is identified with the word related condition. Answer: 1. The six factors that decide the length and seriousness of commotion prompted hearing misfortune are recognized to be, Firstly, Intensity of sound which is straightforwardly relative to the ear harm. The most minimal sound that is discernible to the human ear is 0 dB and the most noteworthy is 180 Db. Presentation to a high force of sound says 85 dB or above for delayed period may fundamentally harm hearing (Seidman Standring, 2010). Also, Frequency of sound, the proportion of a pitch. It is estimated in Hertz. The pitch is legitimately corresponding to the recurrence of sound. A pitch of around 2000-4000 Hertz is perceived to cause hearing misfortune. During the clamor prompted hearing misfortune, individuals can't hear sound with higher frequencies (Smith et al., 2014). Thirdly, Duration, the length of presentation to commotion. Longer the term of the introduction to commotion, the more is the consultation misfortune. For the unprotected ear, the most significant level of the reasonable commotion every day is 115 dB for 15 minutes. Fourthly, Occupational clamor, the sound identified with the working environment, state commotion introduction in building destinations, Iron and Steel enterprises (hardware, and so forth.). Customary presentation to 85 dB or clamor level above it is known to cause noteworthy hearing misfortune steadily (Le Prell et al., 2012). Fifthly, Non-word related clamor, the sound identified with network, natural or local locations, for example, commotion because of garden trimmers, instrument, fireworks, and so forth. At the point when uncovered on the standard premise, it can legitimately influence hearing. In conclusion, Genetic variables might be answerable for hearing misfortune, which is bit by bit showed with maturing. More seasoned individuals ordinarily have hearing misfortune issue; be that as it may, it might be because of hereditary impact (Smith et al., 2014). 2. Drawn out presentation to clamor may cause non-sound-related impacts notwithstanding hearing misfortune, for example, hypertension, emotional well-being issue, breath issue, dozing issue, and muscle pressure. The physiologic non-sound-related impacts of the clamor are talked about in ensuing segments. Word related clamors are essentially higher than private or network commotion and generally cause the non-sound-related impacts. For instance, traffic clamor, development zones, air terminals. As per Pirrera et al., (2010), presentation to ecological clamor, can build inconvenience, brings about rest misfortune and a causative factor of cardiovascular infection. It is joined by hypertension, changes in the example of the heartbeat, changes in the distance across of veins particularly those in skin, change in pulse and changes in pulse. Patients with cardiovascular illnesses are exceptionally defenseless to stroke and henceforth are prescribed to remain inside or in the earth with little clamor. Trial contemplates directed by Basner et al., (2014) in lab conditions demonstrated that ceaseless presentation to commotion upsets the Mental wellbeing. It diminishes the capacity to continue consideration. It is related with the expansion in irritation and worry, with consistent presentation to elevated level of commotion. Specialists along these lines accept commotion as vague stressor that disturbs psychological wellness. Writing research gives proof of the resting issue that is Insomnia coming about because of clamor introduction for delayed period. Loss of rest might be brought about by upset nerve cells, expanded muscle strain and changes in respiratory reflexes. Muscle pressure happens because of noisy clamor. Muscles burst into exercises by more withdrawal for shielding the body from presentation to boisterous commotion. So also, boisterous clamor will in general adjust the respiratory rhythms (Le Prell et al., 2012). 3. A few eye issue have been recognized that emerge because of a working environment condition. For instance, IT experts invest more energy before the PCs creating nearsightedness or hypermetropia. Laborers with the significant level of eye wounds remember those working for building destinations, compound ventures, and other assembling administrations. The essential eye issue identified with the word related condition are: Firstly, Low vision, individuals will most likely be unable to see questions that are close to eye or at significant distance. The previous is called childishness, and the later is called long sightedness. The expansion in eye pressure changes the size of eye-focal points. Individuals who are predominantly defenseless against low vision issue incorporate IT experts, educators, drivers, tailors, woodworkers, and so on. This sort of work requires high concentrate hence step by step influencing the eyes after some time. In a few cases, low vision bit by bit prompts visual impairment (Liu et al., 2013). Also, Chemical eye consume, workers in Chemical businesses is presented to destructive substances that might be poisonous in nature. The seriousness of the eye injury relies upon the pH of the compound. Early indications of synthetic consume incorporate torment, disturbance, tearing, and redness, expanding of the eyelids and obscured vision. Deferral of treatment if there should be an occurrence of the corrosive or antacid consume may cause changeless vision weakness, glaucoma, and waterfall (Berger et al., 2013). Medical procedures may not generally be effective in the deferral of treatment making perpetual harm vision. Thirdly, Conjunctivitis, portrayed by the redness of eyes and extreme irritation. The causative elements are the infection, poisons, dusts, smoke, and so forth. It happens for the most part in laborers managing pesticides, composts, plant specialists, industrial facilities having machines, which produce the huge measure of smoke. As the representatives work exposed eyes, they are exceptionally helpless against such contaminations (Smedley et al., 2013). References Basner, M., Babisch, W., Davis, A., Brink, M., Clark, C., Janssen, S., Stansfeld, S. (2014). Sound-related and non-sound-related impacts of clamor on health.The Lancet,383(9925), 1325-1332. Berger, S., McAteer, J., Schreier, K., Kaldenberg, J. (2013). Word related treatment intercessions to improve relaxation and social investment for more seasoned grown-ups with low vision: An orderly review.American Journal of Occupational Therapy,67(3), 303-311. Le Prell, C. G., Henderson, D., Fay, R. R., Popper, A. N. (2012).Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Springer. Liu, C. J., Brost, M. A., Horton, V. E., Kenyon, S. B., Mears, K. E. (2013). Word related treatment intercessions to improve execution of day by day exercises at home for more established grown-ups with low vision: A methodical review.American Journal of Occupational Therapy,67(3), 279-287. Pirrera, S., De Valck, E., Cluydts, R. (2010). Nighttime street traffic commotion: A survey on its evaluation and outcomes on rest and health.Environment international,36(5), 492-498. Seidman, M. D., Standring, R. T. (2010). Commotion and nature of life.International diary of ecological research and open health,7(10), 3730-3738. Smedley, J., Dick, F., Sadhra, S. (Eds.). (2013).Oxford handbook of word related wellbeing. OUP Oxford. Smith, R. J., Shearer, A. E., Hildebrand, M. S., Van Camp, G. (2014). Deafness and innate hearing misfortune review.

How to Stop Procrastinating (Tomorrow)

How to Stop Procrastinating (Tomorrow) We all work differently, and that’s fine. But if your study habits leave your pulling your hair out and crying over your biology textbook at 2am each Tuesday, maybe it’s time to reevaluate. The most obvious solution, and the one that non-procrastinators are always first to give, is to do your work ahead of time. Thanks a lot! It’s more complicated than that. There are certainly different types of studiers, and I think there are different types of procrastinators too. Finding out why you put things off might help pinpoint a method thatll get you back on track. So… why do you procrastinate? Because you “don’t feel like it”? I never feel like doing work either. That’s why they call it “work.” The key, though, is to find a way to motivate yourself, and I’ve listed a few ideas below. Time There’s always something you can work towards. Maybe it’s graduation, or the end of the semester. Maybe you’re working just towards the weekend (Loverboy knows that everyone is). Pick any event to act as your stoplight. Are you hanging out with your friends at 7? Try to work until then. Or do you have a review session for an exam? Try to work most of the study guide done before you go. Study Spaces Maybe it’s just a matter of finding a place that you can associate with studying. If sitting for 4 hours in the same grey chair underground with a computer screen in front of your face doesn’t sound appealing for some reason, then try switching it up. Spend an hour and a half in one library, then walk to another one (we have over 20). Or move to a café or student lounge. Wherever you go, make sure that when you get there, you know it’s time to focus. Music and TV I think it’s hard to do homework while listening to music or watching something, but both can be serve as excellent breaks.One night, the only way I could get through another act ofTwelfth Night was by watching the movie-version of each scene after I read it. It made it take longer to finish the act, but it worked as a quick fix (especially when the alternative was getting nothing done). You can switch off between working 30 minutes and listening to a song, or watch an episode of a show after you finish. Or…Fake It Til You Make It It sounds silly, but theres some truth to the old saying. Even the most uncreative people I know (i.e., myself) have told me that they’re able to psych themselves up to work by pretending like it’s fun. Because you have better things to do? Of course you have better things to do than homework! We all do! We want to bake cookies with our roommates, go to our favorite RSOs, make friends with the squirrels on campus, and so much more. But you’re here at school now. You’re here for a reason, and your education isn’t something you want to waste. Try Multitasking If you dont have time to get all your reading done, think about listening to the audiobook. You can listen to them before lecture starts or even while youre at the gym. Students at Illinois have access to tons of audiobooks through the RB Digital app, but you can also find free ones online. Because you’re a perfectionist? Perfectionists feel like everything they do has to be perfect. It’s easy to see how that mentality might make you disinclined to start anything. Some people say that nothing you do will ever be perfect. I don’t think that has to be true, if you change how you define the word. “Are you telling me to lower my standards?” you might ask. Well, if your standards are so high that you can never reach them, so you never try, then yes. Lower your standards. I’m not saying you shouldn’t dream big. Dream everything! But when it comes to the day-to-day, it’s usually easier to achieve big goals when they’re broken down into concise and measurable tasks. Develop a routine, and hold yourself to it Routine is the main thing that keeps me from putting things off. I’ve had to get into the habit of waking up early and starting first thing in the morning, but then again, I’m sort of a morning person. You night owls out there might structure your day differently. During the week, use the downtime in between classes to work. And try to get some stuff done before lunch on Saturday and Sunday, even if it’s just a little. It’s brutal as heck to taint your precious weekend time with school, but getting homework started early in the day will make it a whole lot easier to go back to later. Because you’re too stressed to even think about it? Life is stressful! You’re constantly being thrown all sort of things to duck, leap over, or whack at with a bat.Stress management is an entire conversation in itself, and you shouldn’t ignore it. In terms of stress-related procrastination, try this: if there’s something that you’re stressed about, even if it’s just sending an email, get into the habit of addressing it right away. It’s more efficient than letting it hang over you. “Not much help now,” you say. “It’s Sunday night by this point, and I’m full-on flipping out!” Ha! I’m only laughing because I’ve been there, and will be there again soon. Find what the priority is, and do what you can. You’re only human. Figuring out that balance between working and relaxing is something that we procrastinators need to work on. Remember, progress not perfection. We’ll all get there in the end. Just after one more episode ofThe Great British Bake Off… classes planning studying Kate Class of 2020 I’m a senior here at the university, majoring in English and Math and minoring in Spanish. I’ve lived in Illinois all my life, sharing a room with my sister and many crickets. As the youngest in my family, I’m lucky enough to have my older siblings’ advice and perspective as I make my way through college!

The Modernist Movement And Its Influence On Art - 1688 Words

The Modernist movement was an intellectual and cultural movement that began at the start of the 20th century and lasted until around 1945. One of the factors that helped shaped Modernism was the development of modern industrial societies as well as the rapid growth of cities. Modernists rejected Enlightenment thinking and some even rejected certain religious beliefs. One characteristic, possibly the most important one, of Modernism was the idea of self-consciousness (Farah). The Modernist movement would influence the literature written such as novels and poetry and would also have an influence on art work during this time period. Three people who were influenced by the modernist movement include F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S Eliot, and Georgia O’ Keeffe. There would also be a movement called the Post-Modernist Movement. Post-Modernism was a departure from modernism. This movement took place during the mid-twentieth century. One characteristic during the post-modern movement was that there was no absolute truth. Postmodernists believed that truth is an illusion misused by people to gain power over other people. The postmodern movement is identified with deconstruction and cultural criticism. Cultural criticism questions the notions of high and low cultures and tends to treat all works of art as equally legitimate cultural expressions. Deconstruction questions the notion of a single, unified meaning in a literary work. The deconstructionists attempt to show that texts areShow MoreRelatedEssay about Walter Gropius and The Bauhaus Movement1312 Words   |  6 Pageshouse of construction was the most influential art school that combined the fine arts and the crafts as one. The Bauhaus was a modernist movement founded in 1919 by Walter Gr opius in Weimar Yet, the Memphis Group was a post modernist movement. Established by Ettore Sottsass, the Memphis Group was a group of Italian designers and architects. 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Crime And Catch Fenders - 1321 Words

Crime is all around us, but, unlike the general public, we encounter it daily as members of the law enforcement community. Our job is to do our best in preventing crime and catching the offenders that slip through our crime prevention methods. The following questions often come up: Are our current methods the best? If not, how can we better improve our practices to eradicate crime and catch the offenders? Police strategies are, inherently, reactive, but, recently, the law enforcement community has started to develop more proactive strategies to more efficiently eradicate crime (Groff et al. 2014, pg.23). Among these proactive police strategies is a rather recent practice called hot-spot policing (Groff et al. 2014, pg.23). There are many†¦show more content†¦In this report I will define hot-spot policing and dissect what researchers have studied in regards to hot-spot policing. The logical place to start when discussing hot-spot policing is simply what hot-spot policing real ly is and how it is used. Hot-spot policing encompasses a couple types of direct patrol practices that narrow in on places of high crime so that law enforcement can concentrate on places that have increasingly elevated criminal activity reports (Telep, Mitchell, Weisburd 2012, pg. 906). While the term hot-spot policing, as well as, the systematic approach to crime-concentrated areas is relatively new, officers often know their patrol routes well enough that they already knew where the high crime areas were (Braga 2008, pg.6). The systematic approach is, supposedly, what really helps the officers get results in eradicating crime in areas (Braga 2008, pg.6). These practices, supposedly, allow officers to vigorously reduce crime in order to create better, safer neighborhoods and communities (Telep, Mitchell, Weisburd 2012, pg.906). Generally speaking, there are three major types of hot-spot policing practices: foot patrol, problem-oriented policing, and offender-focused policing (Gro ff et al. 2014, pg.23). Other hot-spot policing methods could be upping the amount of arrests for certain crimes or being aggressive in maintaining order in rough neighborhoods (Kochel 2011, pg.351). All of these

Marketing mix in a business Free Essays

Paraded Sahara Part 1 (a) The marketing mix is a strategy tool used to formulate a plan for product development and promotions in a business. Examining the mix for the company Bottle Green may help Simon Speers, Company Owner, see the strengths and weaknesses of the business whilst considering its growth potential. The four core elements of marketing mix are product, place, price and promotion. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing mix in a business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Products: A range of cordial drinks, mostly elderflower but has a growing range including flavors such as, ginger and lemongrass, Cox’s apple and Victoria plum. The product is tangible and has a core benefit of quenching thirst. The quality, brand name and packaging may also be a benefit to a consumer who considers their image and how others perceive them. The product life cycle as many others will go through the five phases; development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline. This is why it is important for the company to have new products lined up in order to boost sales. Place: Bottle Green distributes to and sells products in supermarkets, Waitress being he single biggest customer, also to tea rooms and small outlets. The company also exports to Sweden and Canada at present. Bottle Greens distribution is out-sourced, this may be a benefit as having another company deal with the logistical area of the business could save time and enable that time to be focused on a more valuable area, such as promotions. Price: Bottle Green Cordial drink is priced Just under E, I assume this is a cost based price. Simon Speers describes the bottle as ‘chic’ and hopes for it to be on the dinner tables of the nations middle class. With this premium rand image and quality product it has a competitive price when comparing it to other rival brands. For example, the sparkling soft drink produced by company Seller is currently priced at E. 25 for a mall bottle and Bottle Greens price for a similar product is E. 39 for a mall bottle. Promotion: Bottle Green has a good brand image and has built up brand awareness amongst customers. Not only does the business have a great social media profile, it also sends out samples and recipes to TV chefs who are key influencer in the public eye. Jamie Oliver and Delia Smith being two TV hefts who have given positive feedback and influenced sales to rise. Another area I would like to focus on is purchasing. The bulk of Bottle Greens elderflower comes from the company farm in Clotheshorse and the rest is imported from Hungary. Sugar forms the basis of the cordial drink and this is a problem for Speers. Currently purchasing sugar at Euro-sugar price which is higher than world-sugar price by approximately 2% per tone. At present the business is purchasing at a fixed price but any movement in the wrong direction on the foreign exchange markets will mean further expense for Bottle Green. Part 1 (b) Expert Jeanine Woodcock, managing partner at Bottle Green has some suggestions which mainly focus on promotions of the business. Engaging with customers through the social media profile where customers can discuss stories in reference to the products was one suggestion. This will encourage existing and new customers to advertise the business via word of mouth and the internet. By doing this alongside another of Woodcocks suggestions, researching current customer interests and behavioral patterns, Bottle Green will have a deeper understanding of its statistics and core demographic. This will enable the business to see its strengths and weaknesses in promotions and take action where necessary. The expert also suggests sponsoring a typically British unique and authentic event. This could potentially engage more customers and raise brand awareness which should in turn increase sales. Another expert Joe Whiteouts, deputy director at Bottle Green makes suggestions that focus on product, place and promotion. One suggestion was elderflower capsules that could be added to water and be sold where water based drinks are prepared, for example, offices that use water dispensers. This product development will enable the business to target a new market with a unique new product. Another suggestion was to target the vending machine market, this would put the product in a new place where it would compete with the competition of other soft drink retailers. The final suggestion was to supply schools with recipes in May and June when elderflower is in blossom. The idea that this campaign could be competition based would give potential customers an incentive to engage with the product. It was also suggested that the idea could be pitched as a new healthier alternative to the normal range, this would allow the business to branch out into yet another area of the market. These suggestions could possibly raise brand awareness and bring new customers which would in turn bring more revenue. The business would also have new products in the market beginning a new life cycle. Part 1 (c) The weaknesses I can see in Bottle Greens marketing mix are a lack of product range, the high purchase cost of sugar and the lack of promotion. Firstly I would take the advice of the expert Joe Whiteouts and introduce a new product and a healthier alternative range. This would bring interest from new areas in the market and potentially increase sales. Secondly I would work on the current promotional schemes, I would take the advice of both experts when it comes to promoting the business. Using the social media profile is possibly the quickest, most efficient way to advertise and promote the company in a finance friendly manner. Thirdly sponsoring events and school campaigns are also good ideas, not only British events and British schools but also International events and schools to encourage the potential growth overseas. Fourthly I would branch out and advertise on TV, this is a age opportunity to reach out to millions of potential customers. Finally I would do extensive research on sugar suppliers and try to find a cheaper alternative, this could save the company money and also increase gross profit. I would achieve these goals by working with specific areas in the business such as, the product development team, purchasing team, marketing and promotions team and also the two experts to create new products with a marketing strategy to launch the business into its next level. If all the suggestions were carried out and successful I believe that with rotgut development, increased brand awareness and promotional advertising the business would be in a better financial position and potential growth not only in the I-J but also overseas would look encouraging. How to cite Marketing mix in a business, Papers

Political Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes and Rene Des Essay Example For Students

Political Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes and Rene Des Essay cartesPolitics should be the application of the science Of man to the construction of the community Explain this remark and discuss what reasons there might be for thinking it is not trueIn this essay I intend to examine the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes and Rene Descartes, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, and attempt to explain why their ideas prove that it is not possible to construct a science of man. I will also briefly mention the philosophy of Donald Davidson in regards to a science of man.The theories of Hobbes and the contemporary socio-biologists attempt to recognise how man works and on that basis build a society.Hobbes wished to be seen as the inventor of the science of politics (Sorrell, p45) He went about this by looking at the psychology of man and discovering that man is a mechanism. Hobbes wanted to understand mechanics. He wanted to look at why men live the way that they do in society and therefore, breaks it down. By doing this he discovered that people are cogs in the social machine. Therefore he wants to examine this cogs to achieve an understanding of the social mechanism, and does this by looking at the psychology of the mind. Hobbes is both an empirist and a materialist. Empirists believe that sense gives all knowledge. Generally, they do not believe in astrology, god, electrons etc. Their philosophy is summed up by saying that all things that give true knowledge can be sensed. Materialists believe that all things in existence are physical matter. In other words, the soul and the spirit do not exist.Therefore Hobbes believes that thoughts are material, that they are caused by sense and vice versa.Tom Sorrell suggests in his essay, entitled Hobbes scheme of the sciences, that rather than have knowledge of how the mechanics of the minds passions work, a more successful way of gaining political knowledge is to understand what these passions cause. They cause various degrees of action, with the possessor going to various extents to achieve what they want. In chapter six of De Corpere, Hobbes makes a connection between the knowledge of the principles of politics and the knowledge of the motions of the average human mind.Hobbes account of political science is an idea of what man must do if his goal is self-preservation. These ideas are not what mankind will do but what it will have to do, in a rational way, to form a political civilisation.One would assume that as Hobbes identifies both a natural science (that of the work of nature), and a civil science that of the common wealth (which makes laws and wills), he would suggest that they are parallels which, in political philosophy, work together. However, there are a few problems with Hobbes theory. Hobbes suggests that a monarch makes a better sovereign than an assembly. Yet, surely he would not agree that a monarch who is not dedicated would be better suited than a group of thoughtful representatives.A politically secure society is built up from its people. Hobbes believes that these people all have one motivation; self-gain, or to be more precise self-preservation. Hobbes suggests that there is a link between voluntary motion and vital motion. He goes on to say that senses work together with the vital motions to produce that which is voluntary, i.e. an endeavour. These endeavours can be categorised in two ways; attractions and aversions. An example of an attraction is to pick up a piece of cake because it looks good. That of an aversion is to run away from a dog because you are scared of dogs. .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 , .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 .postImageUrl , .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 , .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342:hover , .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342:visited , .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342:active { border:0!important; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342:active , .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342 .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38ec1a6aa3b0585a3e577fccc8e31342:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Career Goals EssayAs it is possible to see these actions are derived from the senses, again agreeing with Hobbes empirist theory.Endeavours are the small motions within man which occur before he walks, talks, runs or carries out any other voluntary motion. These endeavours are so small that they are undetectable.By understanding why men act the way that they do, it is easier to come to a conclusion as to how society should be structured. However, the idea that the existence of a science of man can be questioned suggests that society can be constructed without it. This is due to the fact that many psychological and political theories are founded on the basis that there is a science of man. Without this science of man these theories are in turn questioned and therefore cannot be viably backed as reasons for the construction of the community.Another prolific philosopher whose arguments should be taken into account is Rene Descartes. Descartes thinks that we, as humans, are made up of two separate substances. The body is the physical stuff and the mind the res cogitans (thinking thing) purely mental stuff.The res cogitans can will your body to move. The difficulty with Descartes theory is that the mind and body interact; if you pour boiling water on you hand, you will feel pain. Again we have to take into account voluntary and vital motions.A voluntary motion is me moving my arm. A vital motion is my arm moving. I move my arm because I want to; but I may not necessarily want it to be moved. This can happen for a number of reasons. It may be possible that I have a muscle spasm in my arm or that somebody moves it.All of this suggests that for Descartes theory to be correct there must be some kind of connection between a material substance (the body) and an immaterial substance (the mind).However, we will find it impossible to understand the idea of a science of man if we cannot understand how the two substances interact. Therefore, again, we have no proof that it is possible to build a political philosophy on the basis of a science of man.On p213 of Davidson , we find an explanation of monisms and dualisms.Theories are thus divided into four sorts: nomological monism, which affirms that there are correlating laws and that the events correlated are one (materialists belong in this category); nomological dualism, which compromises various forms of parallelism, interactionism and epiphenominalism; anomalous dualism which combines ontological dualism with the general failure of laws correlating the mental and the physical (cartesianism). And finally there is anomalous monism which shows an ontological bias only in that it allows the possibility that not all events are mental, while insisting that all events are physical. The final position is that which Davidson himself follows. Davidsons argument suggests that the psychology of man does not follow any causal laws. Therefore, it is impossible to impose any rationality on theories involving the mind.These anomological psychological states are defeasable. They are defeasable because it is possible that by adding another condition to the situation the expected behaviour changes.Therefore it is impossible to agree with any political philosophy that involves the necessity of a science of man.What is easily discovered is that there are many different political philosophies and many different concepts as to what is a science of man.Philosophers such as Hobbes and his counterparts, Mill and Marx, possess the shared assumption that political philosophers must accept the political opinion that they are arguing for. They all think that rational agents must accept their arguments yet they all have different arguments. They all believe that for a successful political structure human nature cannot be ignored, if the structure is to command respect.As I have shown, Descartes and Davidson on the other hand, believe that a science of man is impossible; Descartes because he believes that our minds are immaterial and Davidson because mans behaviour follows no causal laws.All of this shows us that trying to interpret mans actions and apply them to a science is an impossible conquest. .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 , .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 .postImageUrl , .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 , .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690:hover , .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690:visited , .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690:active { border:0!important; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690:active , .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690 .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6b7673d01ea358d7fe50df7b61a7e690:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Last Day I will never forget the night my grandfather was rushed to the hospital as he was gasping for breath Essay Man is too complicated a mechanism to understand and therefore political philosophy, for a sensible and rational social structure, must be founded on another basis.

Green Lighting in Saudi Arabia

10 Top Companies Hiring Part-Time Workers Right Now

10 Top Companies Hiring Part-Time Workers Right Now Looking for a part-time job? Summer is coming, school is out, and you need a gig to earn money and fill your summer days. Here are 10 of the top companies hiring the most part-time workers to their books at the moment. 1. The Vitamin ShoppeThis company boasts happy employees, salaries above average, and progressive policies and benefits, and has a focus on customer service rather than sales numbers. The Vitamin Shoppe has nearly 2,000 part-time openings.2. ChipotleThis gig comes with a flexible schedule, a laid-back atmosphere, and decent food (organic meats!). With over 1,500 restaurants in 45 states, this â€Å"fast casual† spot has over 1,400 part-time openings at present.3. Bayada Home Health CareProviding one-on-one nursing and other health care in 25 states, this company has over 1,100 part-time openings and tons of satisfied employees.4. UPSDelivering 15 million packages per day and employing hundreds of thousands in the United States and globally, this company boasts o ver 1,000 part-time openings and a challenging, interesting work environment.5. Liberty Tax ServicesWith a whopping 5,114 part-time openings, this company helps low-income employees and small businesses with thousands of branches around the world. Also good job security and generally positive employee reviews.6. Macy’sWith over 3,000 part-time openings and branches all over the country, this retail giant also hires seasonal employees that can occasionally transition into full-time work.7. MarketSource JobsWith an HQ in Georgia and nearly 3,000 part-time openings to assist companies with marketing strategy, training, and sales, this kind of job would be great for you if you were suited to sales in general: i.e. you’re personable, upbeat, and have a can-do attitude.8. United Health GroupWork in health insurance, which can help you transition into jobs in accounting or business or economics. There are more than  1,200 part-time openings, and according to employees, ther e’s a great  work-life balance.9. Vector MarketingLove knives? Great at sales? This company is owned by Cutco, famous for great cutlery. They have more than 1,900 part-time openings. Deal closers apply!10. FirestoneThis company isn’t going anywhere anytime soon. It’s one of the oldest American tire/repair companies and has more than 1,600 locations nationwide. Employees report good camaraderie and higher-than-average compensation. More 1,000 part-time openings await!

Experiment #1 North Circumpolar Motion of Stars Lab Report

Experiment #1 North Circumpolar Motion of Stars - Lab Report Example Yes, in addition to the obvious motion that brings about change of location, they also change the orientation. The stars seem to exhibit two kinds of motions that is one from the central position and its orientation It is common knowledge that the earth moves from east, north, west and south. However, such motion is similar to the stars because they appear to move from the north toward the west, comparison of the stars location reveals that those observed in the first experiment appeared far from the west than those observed later on. Yes, stars move across the space, in fact all stars move across the space from one location to another (Craig, 1). The only difference between the motions of the stars with that of the earth is that direction depends on the individual star. As a result, there is no universal direction for the stars’ movement. Different stars move in the different direction either toward or from each other. For instance, if the stars were fixed we would expect the movement of the earth to portray the stars to simulate motion in the opposite direction. As such one would think that the stars move from the north to east and south. However given that both the earth and the stars move in the same direction, it is evident to seek stars changing position. Movement of the stars does not depend on either the seasonal motion of the earth or the daily seasons. Their motion is independent of these parameters. In fact, stars move independently in space. Motions of different stars do not take defined direction as many would expect but rather may move in any direction in the space. Craig, Brown.. The Little Dipper and the Earth’s Tilt and  Rotation, 2012. Retrieved from https://craigssenseofwonder.wordpress.com/2012/11/17/the-little-dipper-and-the-earths-tilt-and-rotation/

The Emperor's Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Emperor's Club - Essay Example These individuals have control over the hospital operations, doctors thus are obliged to attend to them in more special ways than they do to other patients. Doctors do take care of and watch several patients everyday. Thus, maintaining diligence becomes difficult. b). Universality of a principle means that an individual aware that moral principles can be applied to everybody. Reversibility of the principle means that an individual accepts the principles that are applied to him or her(Hoffman 23) c). No. I totally disagree with Kant’s ideas. This is because there are several complicated situations in reality and thus considerations of other aspects and exemptions are necessary. For example, the right intention of a doctor is to save patients by curing their illness. However, the doctors may forget some of the side effects the patients are facing. It is, therefore, important to have both means and intention. a). The statement means that we should always act in golden means. We should also not forget that things sometimes develop in opposite directions especially when they are extreme. An example is confidence. It enables a person to find solutions to problems. However, too much of it can make the person disrespect others. When a person lacks confidence, he or she becomes afraid of doing things in the wrong way. Such people cannot have enough efficiency and will continue repeating and correcting the same thing. b). The examples of Aristotelian virtues are friendliness, courage and truthfulness. When these virtues become too much, they become obsequiousness, recklessness and boastfulness respectively. When they are too little, they change to grouchiness, cowardice, and self-depreciation. 5. Mr. Hunderts action, in Utilitarian, is not an Act Utilitarianism because it does not create more social utility than other alternative actions he has. Personally, I think changing Bell’s

Creativity And Innovation In The Workplace Commerce Essay

Creativity And Innovation In The Workplace Commerce Essay So in this context, what is creativity and what is innovation? Often they are not distinguished. They are simply seen as part of the process by which knowledge is developed and transformed into business value. This is a perfectly acceptable definition, but again like the failure to differentiate between information and knowledge it is not very useful for the purpose of discussing the subject area.. . It is important to distinguish between creativity and innovation because the processes are different, the risks are different, the starting points are different, and the climates needed for achievement are different, and there are consequences of these differences. To support this argument, the author has divided this essay into three main parts. First of all creativity and innovation is defined according to different researchers. Then the some basic differences between them is discussed. At the end, the author has described process of creativity and innovation to support his arguments. Creative thinking, creativity and innovation are separate and distinct things. Creative thinking is a process that can be taught, creativity is a phenomenon about which can be taught, and innovation is more than creativity. Creativity is the production of novel and useful ideas in any domain whereas the innovation is the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization.(stein 1974, woodman, sawyer and griffen 1993). West and Farr (1990) consider creativity as the ideation component of innovation and innovation as encompassing both the proposal and applications of the new ideas (p. 10). In this view, creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the second. Amabile and shermaine montefalco et al. (1996) Creativity is the production of novel and useful ideas in any domain whereas the innovation is the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization.(stein 1974, woodman, sawyer and griffen 1993). West and Farr (1990) consider creativity as the ideation component of innovation and innovation as encompassing both the proposal and applications of the new ideas (p. 10). .Successful innovation does not only depends upon the idea coming from inside the organization but can also comes from outside the organization. Many researchers have argue that the innovation is not a linear process (Drazin and Schoonhoven, 1996; van de ven, 1986; Scgroeder et al 1986; Van de ven at al 1999) it may be conceived of as cyclical with periods of innovation initiation, implementation, adaptation and stabilization. Creativity is likely to be most evident in first stage of innovation. (iainchalmers  , 2007) from Human Motivation, 3rd ed., by Robert E. Franken: Creativity is defined as the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves and others. (page 396) Three reasons why people are motivated to be creative: need for novel, varied, and complex stimulation need to communicate ideas and values need to solve problems (page 396) Creativity is any act, idea, or product that changes an existing domain, or that transforms an existing domain into a new oneWhat counts is whether the novelty he or she produces is accepted for inclusion in the domain. Creativity is the ability to produce work that is both nove,(i.e, original, unexpected) abd appropriate(i.e, useful, adaptive concerning task constrains)(lubart, 1994: Ochse 1990; Sternberg 1988; Sternberg and lubart 1991, 1995, 1996) Components of creativity: Expertise encompasses everything that a person knows and can do in the broad domain of his or her work. Creative thinking, as noted above, refers to how people approaches problems and solutions- their capacity to put existing ideas together in new combinations. The skill itself depends quite a bit on personality and as well as on how a person thinks and works. Expertise and creative thinking are a individuals raw materials- his or her natural resources, if you will. But a third factor- motivation- determines what peoples will actually do. If an individual have outstanding educational credentials and a great facility in generating new prospective to do a particular job, but if he lacks the motivation to do that job, he will not do that; his expertise and creative thinking will not give him any advantage. People will be more creative when they feel motivated primarily by the interest, satisfaction, and challenge of the work itself- and not by external pressures. There also exists the enormous graveyard of innovations that have never been adopted and not necessarily because they are the results of repetitive, foolish, or simply reproductive processes(Paolo Legrenzi, Creativity and Innovation, http://www.iuav.it/Ricerca1/Dipartimen/dADI/Working-Pa/wp_2007_02.pdf) I believe that there is a difference between creativity and innovation and agree with Robinson and Sterns explanation:10 †¢ Creativity the results of creativity in companies are improvements or changes to what is already done. †¢ Innovation the results of innovation in companies are entirely new activities for the company The key words, improvements and new, help define the difference in these terms. However, creative thinking is part of the innovation process. Another way of explaining this comes from the late management consultant, Richard Byrd, who defined innovation as creativity times risktaking. Japan railway east is the largest rail carrier in the world. When they decided to construct a new bullet-train line through the mountains north of Tokyo, they never anticipated that this would open the doors of a new business horizon for them- the beverages. JR east have to construct many tunnels, and water causes problem there. The JR plans to drain this water away. But the crew inside the tunnel found a new solution of this problem; they were using to drink that. One of the workers liked it taste so much that he give suggestion to the JR to bottle this water and sale as premium mineral water instead of draining that into runoffs. His idea was implemented and soon the water was marketed with the brand name of OSHIMIZU. Within a short period of time it become so popular that JR plants vending machines at most of its platforms and establish a subsidiary company who only deals with this water. This idea turns so profitable that in 1994, sales of Oshimizu beverages were $ 47 million and its also started to sell juices as well as iced and hot teas and coffees.( Corporate creativity: how innovation and improvement actually happen   By Alan G. Robinson, Sam Stern) Most researchers and managers recognize that creativity at the individual level represents only part of the challenge. Organizations must create environments that allow and encourage employees to engage in creativity. Most organizations have developed layers of rules, procedures and bureaucratic processes that stifle creativity (MacKenzie, 1998).To be creative, the management has to tolerate the mistakes and accept the degree of risk involved with this. It also requires the long term commitment of time and resources whereas; the risk of failure is also there to be considered (Yukl, 2006). Creativity is the long term investment of any organization, which cant be start or stop any time. Firms commonly encourage employees to use their creativity and judgment through empowerment (Gandz and Bird, 1996). Hence, the management culture of an organization is the major factor which initiates the creativity in an organization. On the other hand, much lower degree of risk is involved in the innovation. In innovation the success is ascertain, so the process can be terminated at any desired stage. Innovation does not require a long term commitment of time and resources. Innovation is more likely to occur in groups where there is support for innovation, and where innovation attempts are rewarded rather than punished (Amabile, 1983; Kanter, 1983) In modern age, creativity is considered as a science which can be learnt. Several universities offer courses and degrees in the field of creativity and creative problem solving where as there are only a few offer coerces in the field of innovation. For organizations it is easy to train their employees more creative and effective in their work. On the other hand, innovation is much more informal field. No specific body of knowledge serve a basic of teaching and learning for innovation. Most of innovative techniques are derived from the basics of creativity. Conclusion: Chances are that the very successful leaders of the future will be more likely to make creativity and innovation a strategic priority in their organizations if they better understand the reality of what they really are rather than an unsubstantiated myth. How they are different. Why they are both needed, and how to make them both happen in the right way at the right time in the business cycle. Referances: (iainchalmers  , 2007) Creativity vs Innovation the ugly truth, http://blogs.holstgroup.co.uk/greenhat_thinking/2008/03/07/creativity-vs-innovation-the-ugly-truth/ The innovation process may be divided into three areas: the fuzzy front end (FFE), the new product development (NPD) process, and commercialization, as indicated in Figure 1-1.1 The first part-the FFE-is generally regarded as one of the greatest opportunities for improvement of the overall innovation process.2 Many companies have dramatically improved cycle time and efficiency by implementing a formal Stage-GateTM (Cooper 1993) or PACE_ (McGrath and Akiyama 1996) approach for managing projects in the NPD portion of the innovation process. Attention is increasingly being focused on the front-end activities that precede this formal and structured process in order to increase the value, amount, and success probability of high-profit concepts entering product development and commercialization. The comparison was complicated because there was a lack of common terms and definitions for key elements of the FFE. Without a common language and vocabulary, the ability to create new knowledge and make distinctions between different parts of the process may be impossible (Krough, Ichijo, and Nonaka 2000). Knowledge transfer is ineffective or unlikely if both parties mean different things, even when they are using the same terms. These insights led us to believe that we could improve understanding of the FFE by describing it using terms that mean the same thing to everyone. The front end of innovation, or what us often called fuzzy front end , presents one of the greatest opportunities for improving the overall innovation process. New concept development model: The NCD model, shown in figure below, compromises of three key elements: The inner area defines the five key elements compriseing the front end of innovation The engine or Bulls Eye portion which drives the five front-end ekements and is fuelled by the leadership and culture of the organisation. The influencing factors, or environment on the periphery . consists of organizational capabilities, business strategy, the outside world(i.e., distribution channels, customers and competitors), and the enabling science that will be utalized. FIVE FRONT END ELEMEENTS: OPPORTUNITY IDENTIFICATION. This is where the organization, by design or default, identifies the opportunities that the companu might want to pursue. Business and technological opportunities are explicitly considered so that resources will eventuallu be allocated to new areas of market growth and/pr operating effectiveness and efficienscy. This element is tupiucally driven by the goals of the business. The opportunity might be a totally new direction for the business or a minor upgrade to an existing project. 2. opportunity analysis: Additional information is needed for translating opportunity identification into specific business and technology opportunities and making early and other uncertain technology and marlet assessment. Extensive effoert may be committed for focus groups, maeket studies and sceientificn expertise. However, the amount of effort expended is dependent upon the attractiveness of the opportunit. 3. idea genesis: Genesis is the development and materation of the opportunity into a concrete idea. This represents an evolutionary process in which ideas are built upon, torn down, combined , reshaped, modified,and updated. Ideas may be generated by anyone with a passion for a particular idea, problem, need, or situation. Ideas may be generated or enriched by others through the efforts of a key individual or champion (Markham 1998; Markham and Griffin 1998). Idea selection: In most businesses there a re so many products/process ideas that the critical activity is to choose which idea to pursue in order to achieve the most business value. Selection may be as simple as an individials choice amoung many self generated options or as formalized as a prescribed portfolio method. More formalized project selection and resource allocation in the FEI is difficult die to limited information and understanding at this point. Concept and technology development: The final element of the model involves the development of a business case based on estimates of market potential, customer needs, investment requirements, competitor assessments, technology unknowns, and overall project risk. The environment: The FFE exists in an environment of influencing factors. The factors are the corporations organizational capabilities, customer and competitor influences, the outside worlds influences, and the depth and strength of enabling sciences and technologyThe outside world, government policy, environmental regulations, laws concerning patents, and socioeconomic trends all affect the FFE as well as the new product development or Stage-GateTM part of the innovation process. Some of these factors are indicated in Porters five force model (1987). THE ENGINE (LEADERSHIP, CULTURE, AND BUSINESS STRATEGY) The element of leadership, culture, and business strategy sets the environment for successful innovation. Proficiency in this element distinguishes highly innovative companies from less innovative ones (Koen et al. 2001). Continuous senior management support for innovation has been shown in numerous studies to be critical to new product development success (Cooper and Kleinschmidt 1995; Song and Parry 1996; Swink 2000). Culture in the FFE fundamentally differs from that in the NPD and operations parts of the organization (Buckler 1997).

The Nervous System

Chapter 35 Nervous System MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The basic types of tissue in the human body are a. |cell, organ, and organ system. | b. |sight, smell, and hearing. | c. |thyroid, trachea, adenoid, and bronchus. | d. |muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial. | ANS:DDIF:AREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. Which system regulates and controls growth, development, and metabolism? a. |endocrine system|c. |integumentary system| b. |lymphatic system|d. |skeletal system| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 893OBJ:35. 1. 1 STO:12. A. 4. b 3. The levels of organization in the body include a. |endocrine, respiratory, digestive, and nervous. b. |cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. | c. |cells, tissues, and functions. | d. |lymphatic, respiratory, and circulatory. | ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 4. How many organ systems make up the human body? a. |4|c. |8| b. |5|d. |11| ANS:DDIF:BREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 5. A group of similar cells that perform a single function is called a(an) a. |nerve. |c. |tissue. | b. |organ. |d. |organ system. | ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 6. Which type of tissue lines your internal organs? a. |epithelial|c. |nerve| b. |connective|d. |muscle| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 7.Which type of tissue enables a person’s fingers to move as he or she plays the piano? a. |epithelial|c. |nerve| b. |connective|d. |muscle| ANS:DDIF:EREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 8. Which type of tissue provides support for the body? a. |epithelial|c. |nerve| b. |connective|d. |muscle| ANS:BDIF:BREF:p. 894OBJ:35. 1. 1 9. The process by which organ systems maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called a. |circulation. |c. |homeostasis. | b. |organization. |d. |teamwork. | ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 10. Which process enables the body to maintain a stable temperature? a. |heating|c. |feedback inhibition| b. |circulation|d. cellular activity| ANS:CDIF:AREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 11. The level of chemicals in the body that speed up cellular activity is regulated by a. |action potent ial. |c. |the sympathetic nervous system. | b. |feedback inhibition. |d. |the parasympathetic nervous system. | ANS:BDIF:EREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 12. Which system coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment? a. |lymphatic system|c. |excretory system| b. |nervous system|d. |reproductive system| ANS:BDIF:BREF:p. 892, p. 897 OBJ:35. 2. 1STO:12. A. 4. b 13. Neurons are classified by the a. |direction in which they carry impulses. b. |amount of metabolic activity that takes place. | c. |number of dendrites that branch out. | d. |number of impulses that they carry. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 14. What is the smallest structural and functional unit of the nervous system? a. |nerve|c. |organ| b. |neuron|d. |tissue| ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 15. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment? a. |a threshold|c. |an impulse| b. |an action potential|d. |a dendrite| ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 899OBJ:35. 2. 2 16. What is the function of neurotransmitters? a. |to transmit nerve impulses through dendrites| b. to stimulate the production of epinephrine| c. |to transmit nerve impulses across synapses| d. |none of the above| ANS:CDIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 17. For a neuron to reach an action potential, it must a. |release electrons. | b. |absorb calcium. | c. |reverse the electrical charge across the cell membrane. | d. |take in sodium ions. | ANS:CDIF:EREF:p. 899OBJ:35. 2. 2 Figure 35–1 18. Refer to Figure 35–1. The cell body of a neuron collects information from which structure? a. |A|c. |C| b. |B|d. |E| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 897, p. 898 OBJ:35. 2. 2 19. When an impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of a. neurotransmitters. |c. |dendrites. | b. |sodium ions. |d. |receptors. | ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 20. What is the function of the central nervous system? a. |to relay messages|c. |to analyze information| b. |to process information|d. |all of the above| A NS:DDIF:BREF:p. 901OBJ:35. 3. 1 21. Which of the following is a function of the cerebrum? a. |controls conscious activities of the body| b. |controls heart rate| c. |controls blood pressure| d. |controls breathing| ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 22. The region of the brain that recognizes hunger is the a. |brain stem. |c. |hypothalamus. | b. |medulla oblongata. |d. |thalamus. ANS:CDIF:AREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 23. The ability to move your right hand is controlled by the a. |left hemisphere of the cerebrum. | b. |right hemisphere of the cerebrum. | c. |both the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. | d. |neither hemisphere of the cerebrum. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 24. A student’s ability to think about a question and answer it correctly is directly controlled by the a. |brain stem. |c. |medulla. | b. |cerebellum. |d. |cerebrum. | ANS:DDIF:EREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 25. Which division(s) of the peripheral nervous system transmit(s) impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system? . |sensory division|c. |sensory and motor divisions| b. |motor division|d. |spinal cord division| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 26. Which division of the nervous system controls the ability to dance? a. |somatic|c. |central| b. |autonomic|d. |brain| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 27. The division of the nervous system that helps the body react to pain is the a. |somatic nervous system. |c. |autonomic nervous system. | b. |sensory nervous system. |d. |sympathetic nervous system. | ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 904OBJ:35. 3. 2 28. Sense organs are part of the a. |peripheral nervous system. |c. |autonomic nervous system. | . |central nervous system. |d. |parasympathetic nervous system. | ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 29. What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? a. |brain and spinal cord|c. |somatic and autonomic| b. |thalamus and hypothalamus|d. |sensory and motor| ANS:DDIF:BREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 30. Which of the following general categories of sensory receptors are located everywhere in the body except the brain? a. |thermoreceptors|c. |photoreceptors| b. |mechanoreceptors|d. |pain receptors| ANS:DDIF:AREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 31. Which general category of sensory receptors detects variations in temperature? . |thermoreceptors|c. |photoreceptors| b. |mechanoreceptors|d. |pain receptors| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 32. Sensory receptors that are sensitive to chemicals are found in the a. |skin, body core, and hypothalamus. |c. |eyes. | b. |skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears. |d. |nose and taste buds. | ANS:DDIF:EREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 33. Which of the five senses contains two types of photoreceptors called rods and cones? a. |vision|c. |smell| b. |hearing|d. |taste| ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 34. In which of the following structures might an infection cause dizziness? a. |semicircular canals|c. |eardrum| . |oval window|d. |cochlea| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 2 Figure 35–2 35. Which labeled structure in Figure 35–2 creates pressure waves in the cochlea? a. |structure A|c. |structure C| b. |structure B|d. |structure D| ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 2 36. In Figure 35–2, which labeled structure sends impulses to the brain that enable it to determine body motion and position? a. |structure A|c. |structure C| b. |structure B|d. |structure D| ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 908, p. 909 OBJ:35. 4. 2 37. Which sense relies on the largest sense organ in the body? a. |touch|c. |smell| b. |hearing|d. |taste| ANS:ADIF:AREF:p. 09OBJ:35. 4. 2 38. If you did not like the flavor of a certain oral liquid medicine, you could hide much of its taste by a. |closing your eyes. |c. |holding your nose. | b. |covering your ears. |d. |folding your hands together. | ANS:CDIF:EREF:p. 909OBJ:35. 4. 2 39. Drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate are called a. |stimulants. |c. |opiates. | b. |depressants. |d. |alcohol. | ANS:ADIF:BREF:p. 910OBJ:35. 5. 1 40. What types of drugs slow down the activity of the central nervous system? a. |stimulants|c. |opiates| b. |depressants|d. |cocaine| ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 41.Uncontrollable pain and sickness occur because the body cannot produce enough endorphins when a drug user attempts to stop using a. |opiates. |c. |crack. | b. |cocaine. |d. |marijuana. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 42. The most widely abused legal drug is a. |marijuana. |c. |amphetamines. | b. |tranquilizers. |d. |alcohol. | ANS:DDIF:BREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 43. What system does alcohol immediately affect? a. |digestive|c. |nervous| b. |circulatory|d. |endocrine| ANS:CDIF:BREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 44. Alcohol does each of the following EXCEPT a. |slow reflexes. |c. |impair judgment. | b. |stimulate heart rate. |d. disrupt coordination. | ANS:BDIF:AREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 45. One third of all homicides can be attributed to the effects of a. |alcohol. |c. |crack. | b. |cocaine. |d. |opiates. | ANS:ADIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 MODIFIED TRUE/FAL SE 1. There are four levels of organization in the human body: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:AREF:p. 891 OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. A group of similar cells that perform a single function is called a(an) organ. _________________________ ANS:F, tissue DIF:BREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 3. The hypothalamus is to your body as the thermostat is to the internal environment of a house. ________________________ ANS:TDIF:EREF:p. 896 OBJ:35. 1. 2 4. Spreading out from the cell body of a neuron are short, branched extensions called axons. _________________________ ANS:F, dendrites DIF:BREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 1 5. The propagation of an action potential is slower in myelinated axons than in axons that lack a myelin sheath. _________________________ ANS:F, faster DIF:EREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 2 6. The largest and most prominent region of the human brain that is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body is the cerebellum. _________________________ ANS:F, cerebrumDIF:BREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 7. The brain and spinal cord can withstand considerable trauma due to the meninges acting as a shock absorber. ______________________________ ANS:F, cerebrospinal fluid DIF:AREF:p. 901OBJ:35. 3. 1 8. If you accidentally step on a tack with your bare foot, the pathway that the nerve impulse takes from your foot to your leg is called a reflex arc. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:BREF:p. 904 OBJ:35. 3. 2 9. The autonomic nervous system is part of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:AREF:p. 904 OBJ:35. 3. 2 10.Chemoreceptors are associated with the sense of smell and touch. _________________________ ANS:F, taste DIF:AREF:p. 909OBJ:35. 4. 1 11. Rods respond to light of different colors, producing color vision. ____________________ ANS:F, Cones DIF:EREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 12. A person with a relatively small number of cones in the retinas may have trouble distinguishing colors. _____________ ____________ ANS:TDIF:EREF:p. 907 OBJ:35. 4. 2 13. The cochlea and the two tiny sacs located behind it help the body maintain its equilibrium. ______________________________ ANS:F, semicircular canals DIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 2 14.Addiction can be defined as intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes. _________________________ ANS:F, Drug abuse DIF:AREF:p. 914OBJ:35. 5. 1 15. About 40 percent of the fatal accidents that occur on Americans highways involve the drug alcohol. _________________________ ANS:TDIF:BREF:p. 912 OBJ:35. 5. 2 COMPLETION 1. Your skin, hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands make up your _________________________ system. ANS:integumentary DIF:EREF:p. 892OBJ:35. 1. 1STO:12. A. 4. b 2. Neurons are classified into three types according to the ____________________ the impulse travels. ANS:direction DIF:AREF:p. 97OBJ:35. 2. 1 3. The process by which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus is called ____________________ inhibition. ANS:feedback DIF:BREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 4. ____________________ is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. ANS:Homeostasis DIF:AREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 5. In most animals, axons and dendrites are clustered into bundles of fibers called ____________________. ANS:nerves DIF:AREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 1 6. Sensory neurons and motor neurons are connected by ____________________, which carry impulses between them. ANS:interneuronsDIF:BREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 7. The myelin sheath that surrounds a single long axon leaves many gaps, called ____________________, where the axon membrane is exposed. ANS:nodes DIF:AREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 1 8. The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron is its resting ____________________. ANS:potential DIF:AREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 2 9. The two major divisions of the human nervous system are the central and the ____________________ nervous systems. ANS:peripheral DIF:BREF:p. 901OBJ:35. 3. 1 Fig ure 35–3 10. The process illustrated in Figure 35–3 is called a(an) ____________________.ANS:reflex arc DIF:EREF:p. 904OBJ:35. 3. 2 11. The turning of your head is controlled by the ____________________ nervous system, which is part of the peripheral nervous system’s motor division. ANS:somatic DIF:EREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 2 12. Sensory receptors called _________________________ are found in the skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears and are sensitive to touch, pressure, stretching of muscles, sound, and motion. ANS:mechanoreceptors DIF:BREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 13. Small muscles attached to the ____________________ of your eye change its shape to help you focus on near or distant objects.ANS:lens DIF:EREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 14. The class of drugs called ____________________ mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain. ANS:opiates DIF:EREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 15. Cirrhosis of the liver is a possible resu lt of the long-term use of ____________________. ANS:alcohol DIF:BREF:p. 913OBJ:35. 5. 2STO:11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare and contrast tissues and organs. ANS: A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a single function. An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a complex function.DIF:AREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. What is homeostasis? ANS: Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments. DIF:BREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 3. How can the nervous system help a person run without falling? Explain. ANS: Balance is necessary for running. Portions of the nervous system, along with the sense organs, can interpret a person’s balance and make minor corrections to make sure the person will not fall. DIF:EREF:p. 908OBJ:35. 4. 1 4. Distinguish between the functions of dendrites and axons.ANS: Dendrites and axons are parts of a neuron. Dendrites carry impulses from the e nvironment or from other neurons toward the cell body. Axons carry impulses away from the cell body. DIF:BREF:p. 898OBJ:35. 2. 2 5. At what location does a neuron transfer an impulse to another cell? ANS: the synapse DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 Figure 35–1 6. Identify the structure and its labeled parts illustrated in Figure 35–1. ANS: neuron; (A) dendrite; (B) cell body; (C) axon; (D) myelin sheath; (E) nucleus DIF:EREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 2 7. What are the major regions of the brain? ANS:The major regions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. DIF:BREF:p. 901, p. 902, p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 8. How is the spinal cord like a major telephone line? ANS: The spinal cord is the main communications link between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting information, just as a telephone line carries many calls at once. DIF:AREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 9. Why is a severe injury to the brain stem usually fatal? ANS: The bra in stem controls some of the body’s most important functions, including breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing.These involuntary processes are essential to life, so the disruption of any of these processes can cause death. DIF:EREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 10. What is a motor neuron? ANS: A motor neuron carries impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands. DIF:EREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 1 11. How is a pain in your toe perceived by sensory receptors? Why is it important for your body to sense this pain? ANS: Pain receptors respond to chemicals released by the damaged cells in your toes, which may indicate danger, injury, or disease. DIF:EREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 12. Identify the five main senses. ANS:The five main senses are vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. DIF:BREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 2 13. Compare and contrast the functions of rods and cones. ANS: Both rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods are sensitive to light but do not distingu ish colors. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but cones respond to light of different colors. DIF:AREF:p. 907OBJ:35. 4. 2 14. How do opiates help people overcome sensations of pain? ANS: Opiates mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain. DIF:BREF:p. 911OBJ:35. 5. 1 15.What are the cause and effect of fetal alcohol syndrome? ANS: Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by consuming alcohol while pregnant. The effect of this syndrome is a range of birth defects in the baby, such as heart defect, malformed face, delayed growth, and poor motor development. DIF:AREF:p. 913OBJ:35. 5. 2STO:11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b OTHER USING SCIENCE SKILLS This diagram shows the structure of a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of a neighboring neuron. Figure 35–4 1. Applying Concepts In Figure 35–4, which structures release neurotransmitters? ANS: vesicles DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2. Interpreting Gr aphics In Figure 35–4, into what area do the neurotransmitters diffuse? ANS: synaptic cleft DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 3. Predicting Referring to Figure 35–4, predict the direction of the impulse. ANS: The impulse will travel from the axon to the dendrite of the adjacent neuron. DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 4. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–4, after the neurotransmitters are released from the cell surface, what happens to the neurotransmitters? ANS: The neurotransmitters may be broken down by enzymes, or taken up and recycled by the axon terminal. DIF:AREF:p. 900OBJ:35. 2. 2 5.Applying Concepts If the axon in Figure 35–4 is part of a motor neuron, to what cells are the impulses being passed? ANS: muscle cells and glands DIF:AREF:p. 897OBJ:35. 2. 2 USING SCIENCE SKILLS Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a measure of the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream. The following graphs illustrate how many alcoholic drinks consumed in one hour result in different levels of BAC in individuals of different masses. In some states, an adult driving with a BAC of 0. 08% or higher is considered to be legally drunk. Figure 35–5 6. Using Tables and Graphs You have a mass of 45 kg and have had one drink.According to Figure 35–5, how long would it take for your BAC to drop to 0. 04% or lower? ANS: one hour DIF:EREF:p. 912, p. 913OBJ:35. 5. 2 STO:11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b 7. Using Tables and Graphs You are a 48-kg adult and have had four drinks in an hour. According to Figure 35–5, could you drive legally after three hours? ANS: no DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 8. Interpreting Graphics Based on Figure 35–5, how is the mass of an individual related to BAC levels? ANS: Individuals with more mass can consume more alcoholic drinks in the same period of time and have a lower BAC than individuals with less mass.DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 9. Interpreting Graphics A 40-kg person and a 50-kg person each drink 4 drinks in 4 h ours. Do they have the same BAC? ANS: No. The 40-kg person has a BAC of 0. 10% or higher, whereas the 50-kg person has a BAC of 0. 05% to 0. 09%. DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 10. Applying Concepts A 58-kg person has two cocktails just before dinner and a glass of wine with dinner 30 minutes later. According to Figure 35–5, how long would the individual be in the â€Å"Definitely illegal† category? ANS: one hour DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2 USING SCIENCE SKILLS Figure 35–6 11.Interpreting Graphics What is the name of structure C in Figure 35–6? ANS: spinal cord DIF:BREF:p. 901, p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 12. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–6, which structure is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body? ANS: structure A, the cerebrum DIF:BREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 13. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–6, which structure is the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature? ANS: hypothalamus DIF:BREF:p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 14. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 35–6, which structure is the cerebellum?ANS: structure B DIF:BREF:p. 901, p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 15. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 35–6, what two regions of the brain stem act as neural â€Å"switchboards,† regulating the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body? ANS: medulla oblongata and pons DIF:BREF:p. 902OBJ:35. 3. 1 ESSAY 1. How are the cells of the human body similar to individuals in a society that work in groups to accomplish shared goals? ANS: Every cell in the human body is both an independent unit and an interdependent part of a larger community—the entire organism.Similarly, each individual in a society can survive independently, but it is also necessary to form interdependent groups to accomplish certain goals. DIF:EREF:p. 891OBJ:35. 1. 1 2. Name six of the body’s systems and describe their functions. ANS: Answer sh ould include six of the following systems. The nervous system coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment. The integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation. The muscular system works with the skeletal system to provide voluntary movement and helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system. The circulatory system brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; and helps regulate body temperature. The respiratory system provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body.The digestive system converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body. The excretory system eliminates waste products from the body. The endocrine system controls growth, development, and metabolism. The reproductive system produces reproductive cells and, in the female, nurtures and protects the developing embryo. The lymphatic system helps protect the body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels, and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. DIF:EREF:p. 892, p. 893OBJ:35. 1. 1 STO:12. A. 4. b 3.Based on the process of feedback inhibition, explain how your body maintains a relatively constant temperature. ANS: The hypothalamus contains nerve cells that monitor both the temperature of your skin at the surface of the body and the temperature of organs in the body’s core. When these nerve cells sense that the body’s temperature is lower than normal, the hypothalamus produces chemicals that signal cells throughout the body to speed up their activities. Heat produced by this increase in cellular activity causes a gr adual rise in body temperature, which is detected by the nerve cells in the hypothalamus.This feedback inhibits the production of chemicals that speed up cellular activity and keeps body temperature from rising to a dangerous level. If your body temperature rises too far above normal, the hypothalamus slows down cellular activities, minimizing the production of heat. DIF:EREF:p. 895OBJ:35. 1. 2 4. Compare resting potential and action potential in a neuron. ANS: The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron is the resting potential. Once an impulse begins, positive ions rush across the cell membrane, reversing the charge difference.The inside of the membrane gains a positive charge, and the outside of the membrane gains a negative charge. This rapid reversal of charges is called the action potential. As the impulse passes, the positively charged ions flow out of the cell, and the resting potential of the membrane is reestablished. DIF:AREF:p. 898, p . 899OBJ:35. 2. 2 5. What is the function of each of the main regions of the brain? ANS: The cerebrum controls voluntary activities, intelligence, learning, and judgment. The cerebellum controls coordination and balance.The brain stem controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing. The thalamus receives messages from the sense organs. The hypothalamus recognizes sensations of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. DIF:AREF:p. 902, p. 903OBJ:35. 3. 1 6. Compare the effects of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. ANS: The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system each release different neurotransmitters that have opposite effects on the same organ system, which helps the body maintain homeostasis.When the sympathetic system speeds up an activity, the parasympathetic system slows down the same activity. For example, heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous system, but decrease d by the parasympathetic nervous system. DIF:AREF:p. 904OBJ:35. 3. 2 7. What are the five general categories of sensory receptors? Where are they located in the body? ANS: The five general categories are pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. Pain receptors are throughout the body except in the brain.Thermoreceptors are located in the skin, body core, and hypothalamus. Mechanoreceptors are found in skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears. Chemoreceptors are found in the nose and taste buds. Photoreceptors are found in the eyes. DIF:AREF:p. 906OBJ:35. 4. 1 8. How would you design an experiment to show that much of what people actually taste in food depends on their sense of smell? ANS: Students’ experiments may include having someone taste different types of foods that have specific tastes and smells, and then having the person taste them with his or her eyes shut and nose held closed.Students should determine if the person can id entify the food that he or she tasted without the use of sight and smell, and record observations and draw conclusions. DIF:EREF:p. 909OBJ:35. 4. 2 9. People who have to drive long distances sometimes take stimulants. How might this practice be dangerous? ANS: Stimulants increase the release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain, which then leads to a feeling of energy and well-being. However, when the effects of the stimulants wear off, the brain’s supply of neurotransmitters has been depleted.The user quickly falls into fatigue and depression, which can impair the person’s ability to drive and could lead to accidents. DIF:AREF:p. 910OBJ:35. 5. 1 10. In the Designated Driver Program, one person in a group agrees to be the driver and not to drink any alcohol. Why is this program important? ANS: By decreasing the number of drunk drivers on the road, you decrease your chances of being involved in such an accident. If more people were involved in the Designat ed Driver Program, fewer people would be in danger of being involved in a fatal accident. DIF:EREF:p. 912OBJ:35. 5. 2